NUR 115 TEST 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What is Eustress? - Answers - Good stress
What is the definition of stress according to Walter cannon - Answers - The ability to
respond and maintain stability physiologically and psychologically during rapid changing
conditions in the internal and external environment?
What is homeostasis? - Answers - A regulating system
A steady state condition
Your body trying to keep in a constant state
What are examples of positive feedback systems? - Answers - Clotting mechanism and
women giving birth
Which cells regulate glucose levels in the blood? - Answers - Beta cells
What does homeostasis regulate? - Answers - Regulate cellular functions
Regulate physical and psychological adaption in order to maintain the body's internal
environment
Negative feedback systems - regulate life processes, behaviors, integrate body sytems
Definition of stress - Answers - A state manifested by symptoms that arise from
coordinated activation of the neuroendocrine and immune systems
Definition of Adaptation - Answers - The ability to respond to challenges of physical or
psychological homeostasis and then return to a balanced state
3 stages of GAS - Answers - Alarm
- RAS - creates a state of muscle tension
Resistance - Fight or flight
Exhaustion or recovery - depending on outcome of resistance
Endogenous stressors - Answers - From inside: pregnancy, cancer, diabetes
Exogenous stressors - Answers - External forces: tuition, deadlines, over work
What hormone kicks everything into gear - Answers - Epinephrine
Where is the locus Ceruleus located - Answers - Brain stem
What is regulated through the Locus Ceruleus? - Answers - Regulation of the ANS
occurs through the Locus Ceruleus. is the central integrating for ANS response to
Stress
,What hormone do neurons in the Locus Ceruleus produce? - Answers - Norepinephrine
What is the LC-NE connected to and by what? - Answers - The LC-NE system has
afferent pathways to the hypothalamus, limbic system (emotion), hippocampus
(memory), and cerebral cortex (thoughts, memories)
What does activation of the SNS mean for the medulla of the adrenal gland? - Answers
- The adrenal gland releases epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines)
What receptors are stimulated by the SNS? - Answers - Alpha1 and alpha 2 adrenergic
receptors and Beta 1 and beta 2 adrenergic receptors
Alpha 1 receptors do what? - Answers - Increased glycogenosis, smooth muscle
contraction (blood vessels contract raising BP)
Alpha 2 receptors - Answers - Increase renin release
Beta 1 receptors - Answers - Stimulate lipolysis, increased heart rate, increased force of
contraction
Beta 2 receptors - Answers - Increased hepatic gluconeogenesis, increased
glycogenosis, and increased muscle glycogenolysis
What are cortisol's effects - Answers - Primary effect is to promote gluconeogenesis in
the liver
Suppresses the immune system
Works to ensure excess glucose is available during stress
What effect does cortisol have on the immune system? - Answers - Decreases
leukocytes (white blood cells) at the site of inflammation or wound
Cortisol stimulates lipolysis in the limbs and deposition around face and neck
Suppresses the immune system to conserve energy to focus on regaining balance
against stressor
What neuroendocrine responses to stress occur? - Answers - Communication
(increased speed)
Cervral cortex (higher LOC)
Limbic system (get emotional when stressed)
Thalamus (hormones)
Hypothalamus (hormones)
Pituitary gland (master gland)
RAS (generates muscle tension and alertness)
What hormones does the hypothalamus and which ones are stored in the pituitary? -
Answers - The hypothalamus secretes Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH),
, Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH),
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), Oxytocin, and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin and ADH are stored in the posterior pituitary gland
What follows the secretion of CRH? - Answers - CRH causes the Ant. Pituitary to
secrete Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenals to release
Epi, NE, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids (cortisol), and Adrenal Sex Hormones
(androgens)
What follows the secretion of TRH? - Answers - TRH stimulates the ant. pituitary to
secrete Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) which stimulates the thyroid to create t3 and
t4
What follows the secretion of GHRH? - Answers - GHRH stimulates the ant. pituitary
gland to secrete Growth hormone (GH) which stimulates carbohydrate metabolism, and
shrinkage of adipose tissue.
GH also stimulates the liver to secrete IGF - 1 (insulin like growth factor) which int turn
stimulates growth in the bones, muscles, and body organs
What follows the secretion of GnRH? - Answers - GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary
gland to secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Lutenizing Hormone (LH), and
prolactin
What effects does the SNS have on the rest of thee body? - Answers - Cardiovascular -
Increase in BP and HR
Pulmonary - bronchodilation, tachypnea
Muscle - Muscles tense to get ready to fight or flight
Immune system - immunosuppression
Gastrointestinal - decreased rectal output
Genitourinary - decrease output due to Renin
Skin - sweating
Endocrine system
CNS - increases awareness
Why do you get cramps? - Answers - Lactic acid build up
What hormones does stress affect and how does it affect them? - Answers - Growth
hormone - Decrease
Thyroid hormone - increase
Reproductive hormones - decrease
Antidiuretic hormones (ADH) - increase
Factors that impact response to stress - Answers - Age
Time
Health status
Nutrition
What is Eustress? - Answers - Good stress
What is the definition of stress according to Walter cannon - Answers - The ability to
respond and maintain stability physiologically and psychologically during rapid changing
conditions in the internal and external environment?
What is homeostasis? - Answers - A regulating system
A steady state condition
Your body trying to keep in a constant state
What are examples of positive feedback systems? - Answers - Clotting mechanism and
women giving birth
Which cells regulate glucose levels in the blood? - Answers - Beta cells
What does homeostasis regulate? - Answers - Regulate cellular functions
Regulate physical and psychological adaption in order to maintain the body's internal
environment
Negative feedback systems - regulate life processes, behaviors, integrate body sytems
Definition of stress - Answers - A state manifested by symptoms that arise from
coordinated activation of the neuroendocrine and immune systems
Definition of Adaptation - Answers - The ability to respond to challenges of physical or
psychological homeostasis and then return to a balanced state
3 stages of GAS - Answers - Alarm
- RAS - creates a state of muscle tension
Resistance - Fight or flight
Exhaustion or recovery - depending on outcome of resistance
Endogenous stressors - Answers - From inside: pregnancy, cancer, diabetes
Exogenous stressors - Answers - External forces: tuition, deadlines, over work
What hormone kicks everything into gear - Answers - Epinephrine
Where is the locus Ceruleus located - Answers - Brain stem
What is regulated through the Locus Ceruleus? - Answers - Regulation of the ANS
occurs through the Locus Ceruleus. is the central integrating for ANS response to
Stress
,What hormone do neurons in the Locus Ceruleus produce? - Answers - Norepinephrine
What is the LC-NE connected to and by what? - Answers - The LC-NE system has
afferent pathways to the hypothalamus, limbic system (emotion), hippocampus
(memory), and cerebral cortex (thoughts, memories)
What does activation of the SNS mean for the medulla of the adrenal gland? - Answers
- The adrenal gland releases epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines)
What receptors are stimulated by the SNS? - Answers - Alpha1 and alpha 2 adrenergic
receptors and Beta 1 and beta 2 adrenergic receptors
Alpha 1 receptors do what? - Answers - Increased glycogenosis, smooth muscle
contraction (blood vessels contract raising BP)
Alpha 2 receptors - Answers - Increase renin release
Beta 1 receptors - Answers - Stimulate lipolysis, increased heart rate, increased force of
contraction
Beta 2 receptors - Answers - Increased hepatic gluconeogenesis, increased
glycogenosis, and increased muscle glycogenolysis
What are cortisol's effects - Answers - Primary effect is to promote gluconeogenesis in
the liver
Suppresses the immune system
Works to ensure excess glucose is available during stress
What effect does cortisol have on the immune system? - Answers - Decreases
leukocytes (white blood cells) at the site of inflammation or wound
Cortisol stimulates lipolysis in the limbs and deposition around face and neck
Suppresses the immune system to conserve energy to focus on regaining balance
against stressor
What neuroendocrine responses to stress occur? - Answers - Communication
(increased speed)
Cervral cortex (higher LOC)
Limbic system (get emotional when stressed)
Thalamus (hormones)
Hypothalamus (hormones)
Pituitary gland (master gland)
RAS (generates muscle tension and alertness)
What hormones does the hypothalamus and which ones are stored in the pituitary? -
Answers - The hypothalamus secretes Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH),
, Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH),
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), Oxytocin, and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin and ADH are stored in the posterior pituitary gland
What follows the secretion of CRH? - Answers - CRH causes the Ant. Pituitary to
secrete Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenals to release
Epi, NE, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids (cortisol), and Adrenal Sex Hormones
(androgens)
What follows the secretion of TRH? - Answers - TRH stimulates the ant. pituitary to
secrete Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) which stimulates the thyroid to create t3 and
t4
What follows the secretion of GHRH? - Answers - GHRH stimulates the ant. pituitary
gland to secrete Growth hormone (GH) which stimulates carbohydrate metabolism, and
shrinkage of adipose tissue.
GH also stimulates the liver to secrete IGF - 1 (insulin like growth factor) which int turn
stimulates growth in the bones, muscles, and body organs
What follows the secretion of GnRH? - Answers - GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary
gland to secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Lutenizing Hormone (LH), and
prolactin
What effects does the SNS have on the rest of thee body? - Answers - Cardiovascular -
Increase in BP and HR
Pulmonary - bronchodilation, tachypnea
Muscle - Muscles tense to get ready to fight or flight
Immune system - immunosuppression
Gastrointestinal - decreased rectal output
Genitourinary - decrease output due to Renin
Skin - sweating
Endocrine system
CNS - increases awareness
Why do you get cramps? - Answers - Lactic acid build up
What hormones does stress affect and how does it affect them? - Answers - Growth
hormone - Decrease
Thyroid hormone - increase
Reproductive hormones - decrease
Antidiuretic hormones (ADH) - increase
Factors that impact response to stress - Answers - Age
Time
Health status
Nutrition
