Upper and Lower Respiratory Disorders:
Nursing and Medical Management Exam
Questions and answers
What is sinusitis?
Inflammation of the sinuses, most often the maxillary and frontal sinuses, can be acute or chronic.
What are common causes of sinusitis?
Bacteria, viruses, or rarely, fungi.
What are the clinical manifestations of sinusitis?
Pain/heaviness over the affected sinus, purulent drainage from the nose, fever, or elevated WBC.
What complications can arise from sinusitis?
Meningitis, brain abscess, osteomyelitis, orbital cellulitis.
How is sinusitis diagnosed?
History and physical exam, confirmed by CT scan or MRI.
What is the treatment for sinusitis?
Symptom management, decongestants, corticosteroids, antibiotics if bacterial, surgery if needed.
What are nasal polyps?
Swollen masses of sinus or nasal mucosa and connective tissue that extend into the nasal passages.
What is the common treatment for nasal polyps?
Corticosteroids inhaled nasally and surgical removal under local anesthesia.
What is allergic rhinitis?
Commonly known as hay fever, it follows exposure to allergens causing an allergic response.
What are the clinical manifestations of allergic rhinitis?
Sneezing, watery and itchy eyes, nasal obstruction, clear nasal discharge, frontal headache.
How is allergic rhinitis diagnosed?
Based on a detailed history to identify possible allergens, possibly referred to an allergist.
What is acute viral coryza?
The common cold, caused by any of about 30 viruses, contagious and spread by droplet infection.
, What are the risk factors for nasal tumors?
Smoking, being male, HPV infection, and occupational exposures.
What is a deviated nasal septum?
A condition where the nose is divided into two passages by a cartilaginous wall that may obstruct nasal
passages.
What is epistaxis?
A nosebleed caused by trauma, clotting disorders, dryness, inflammation, or hypertension.
What are the common causes of pharyngitis?
Can be viral (most common), bacterial (e.g., strep throat), or fungal.
What are the clinical manifestations of pharyngitis?
Dryness, pain, dysphagia, fever, red throat, and enlarged tonsils.
What is tonsillitis?
Inflammation of the tonsils and other lymphatic tissue in the throat, most common in children.
What is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?
Airway obstruction during sleep, leading to disrupted sleep patterns.
What are the clinical manifestations of laryngitis?
Hoarseness, cough, sore throat.
What are laryngeal nodules?
Benign masses of fibrous tissue primarily from voice overuse, causing hoarseness.
What are laryngeal polyps?
Swollen masses of mucous membrane attached to vocal cords that can cause hoarseness.
What are the risk factors for cancer of the larynx?
Exposure to smoke, alcohol consumption, vocal strain, and chronic laryngitis.
What is asthma?
A complex obstructive airway disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation and bronchial
hyperresponsiveness.
What are the phases of asthma exacerbation?
Early phase (30-60 min after exposure) and late phase (pronounced airway inflammation).
What are common treatments for asthma?
Nursing and Medical Management Exam
Questions and answers
What is sinusitis?
Inflammation of the sinuses, most often the maxillary and frontal sinuses, can be acute or chronic.
What are common causes of sinusitis?
Bacteria, viruses, or rarely, fungi.
What are the clinical manifestations of sinusitis?
Pain/heaviness over the affected sinus, purulent drainage from the nose, fever, or elevated WBC.
What complications can arise from sinusitis?
Meningitis, brain abscess, osteomyelitis, orbital cellulitis.
How is sinusitis diagnosed?
History and physical exam, confirmed by CT scan or MRI.
What is the treatment for sinusitis?
Symptom management, decongestants, corticosteroids, antibiotics if bacterial, surgery if needed.
What are nasal polyps?
Swollen masses of sinus or nasal mucosa and connective tissue that extend into the nasal passages.
What is the common treatment for nasal polyps?
Corticosteroids inhaled nasally and surgical removal under local anesthesia.
What is allergic rhinitis?
Commonly known as hay fever, it follows exposure to allergens causing an allergic response.
What are the clinical manifestations of allergic rhinitis?
Sneezing, watery and itchy eyes, nasal obstruction, clear nasal discharge, frontal headache.
How is allergic rhinitis diagnosed?
Based on a detailed history to identify possible allergens, possibly referred to an allergist.
What is acute viral coryza?
The common cold, caused by any of about 30 viruses, contagious and spread by droplet infection.
, What are the risk factors for nasal tumors?
Smoking, being male, HPV infection, and occupational exposures.
What is a deviated nasal septum?
A condition where the nose is divided into two passages by a cartilaginous wall that may obstruct nasal
passages.
What is epistaxis?
A nosebleed caused by trauma, clotting disorders, dryness, inflammation, or hypertension.
What are the common causes of pharyngitis?
Can be viral (most common), bacterial (e.g., strep throat), or fungal.
What are the clinical manifestations of pharyngitis?
Dryness, pain, dysphagia, fever, red throat, and enlarged tonsils.
What is tonsillitis?
Inflammation of the tonsils and other lymphatic tissue in the throat, most common in children.
What is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?
Airway obstruction during sleep, leading to disrupted sleep patterns.
What are the clinical manifestations of laryngitis?
Hoarseness, cough, sore throat.
What are laryngeal nodules?
Benign masses of fibrous tissue primarily from voice overuse, causing hoarseness.
What are laryngeal polyps?
Swollen masses of mucous membrane attached to vocal cords that can cause hoarseness.
What are the risk factors for cancer of the larynx?
Exposure to smoke, alcohol consumption, vocal strain, and chronic laryngitis.
What is asthma?
A complex obstructive airway disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation and bronchial
hyperresponsiveness.
What are the phases of asthma exacerbation?
Early phase (30-60 min after exposure) and late phase (pronounced airway inflammation).
What are common treatments for asthma?
