Biol 1009 Exam 1 Questions And Answers Solution Guaranteed

order of scientific method - correct answers observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, conclusion characteristics of hypothesis - correct answers must be testable and falsifiable Electron shells - correct answers shells further from the nucleus hold more energy Many of the reactions that occur during metabolism are reversible. Given the laws of thermodynamics, how is that possible? - correct answers Even in the same solution, some of the molecules of a particular species may have more energy than others. Pure water at room temperature has a concentration of 10-7 hydrogen ions (H+) and 10-7 hydroxyl ions (OH-). Why is this? - correct answers Because at any given moment 1 in 107 water molecules is broken apart into hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. Which of the following would likely move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly? - correct answers CO2, a small nonpolar particle Order of bond strength - correct answers covalent, ionic, hydrogen, van der waals solutes - correct answers substance dissolved in a solution solvent - correct answers A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances pH - correct answers =-log[H+] How to calculate concentration - correct answers [H+] x [OH-] = 10^-14 M Isomers - correct answers Compounds with the same formula but different 3D structures. structural isomers - correct answers differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms geometric isomers - correct answers Compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent partnerships but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms. Hydroxyl group - correct answers -OH alcohols carbonyl group - correct answers aldehydes and ketones O=C-H O=C carboxyl group - correct answers O=C-OH acidic properties Amine group - correct answers NH2 H-N-H sulfhydryl group - correct answers -SH, thiol phosphate group - correct answers PO4 methyl group - correct answers CH3 asymmetric carbon - correct answers A carbon that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms. carbohydrates - correct answers sugars and polymers of sugars storage polysaccharides - correct answers starch and glycogen structural polysaccharide - correct answers cellulose lipids - correct answers lipids are NOT polymers, hydrophobic due to hydrocarbon chains types of lipids - correct answers fats, phospholipids, steroids fat synthesis - correct answers Fats are composed of a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids by ester linkage phospholipid structure - correct answers glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group fatty acid tail is hydrocarbon chain, hydrophobic amino acids - correct answers monomers of proteins amino structure - correct answers amino, carboxyl, hyrdrogen, and R group R group determines properties protein structure - correct answers composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds disulfide bonds - correct answers strongest force stabilizing the tertiary shape of protein Nucleic acids - correct answers DNA and RNA polymers made of nucleotides nucleotide structure - correct answers phosphate, sugar, base DNA bases - correct answers Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine RNA bases - correct answers Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine resolving power - correct answers measure of clarity as wavelength decreases, resolving power increases electron micropscope - correct answers higher resolution that light microscope and higher magnification transcription - correct answers (genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA Ribosome - correct answers translates DNA into RNA to form protein composed of ribosomal protein and rRNA What isn't part of the endomembrane system? - correct answers mitochondria and chloroplast ER - correct answers smooth ER: lipid biosynthesis Rough ER: lipid and membrane protein biosynthesis Mitochondria and chloroplasts are - correct answers semiautonomous organelles that process energy, replicate by dividing, and contain DNA Microtubules - correct answers made of tubulin, resist compression, form centrioles in animal cells, form tracks for movement using motor protein kinesin, form flagella and cilia, clear respiratory pathways, Microfilaments - correct answers made of actin filaments, resist stretching, help muscles contract (myosin walks along microfilaments, aids in ameboid movement and phagocytosis intermediate filaments - correct answers form cage around nucleus Plasmodesmata - correct answers channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells tight junction - correct answers A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells. desmosomes - correct answers (anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets gap junctions - correct answers provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells Passive transport - correct answers moving down a gradient, diffusion, facilitated diffusion using channel proteins and carrier proteins, osmosis Active transport - correct answers moving up a gradient, proton pump, cotransporters aquaporins - correct answers channel proteins that facilitate the passage of water hypotonic solution - correct answers Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water Spontaneous reaction in isolated system - correct answers universe doesn't change, entropy inside flask increases, total energy stays the same, energy available to do work decreases, temp goes up enthalpy, H - correct answers total energy of a system Gibb's Free energy, G - correct answers energy available to do work Entropy, S - correct answers measure of disorder, can't do work exergonic reaction - correct answers A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy. endergonic reactions - correct answers Energy absorbing reactions, free energy increases, most biosynthetic processes anabolic reactions - correct answers require energy, biosynthesis, not spontaneous, endergonic, free energy increases energy coupling - correct answers The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. using ATP in energy coupling - correct answers a phosphate is removed from ATP, which becomes ADP. The phosphate is added to a reactant molecule to raise the Gibb's free energy in reactants. The reactants now have more G than the products. Exergonic reaction and will now proceed, can be spontaneous now. reactants are phosphorylated Enzymes and reverse reactions - correct answers enzymes catalyze both forward and reverse reactions cofactors - correct answers nonprotein enzyme helpers, required to be active competitive inhibitors - correct answers bind to active site so substrate can't effects of competitive inhibitor can be overridden by increasing concentration of substrate non-competitive inhibitor - correct answers A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate. allosteric regulation - correct answers can increase or decrease activity, usually happens in multiple unit enzymes ATP and ADP act as allosteric regulators for anabolic and catabolic processes cooperativity - correct answers substrate binding in one subunit causes induced fit in all subunits feedback inhibition - correct answers A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. Nucleotides in a single DNA chain are joined together by - correct answers a covalent bond between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar group of the next nucleotide Binding of an allosteric regulator to the enzyme it regulates - correct answers may occur via ionic bonds monomers form polymers with - correct answers covalent bonds tertiary structure is determined by - correct answers interactions between amino acid side chains Secondary structure is determined by - correct answers interactions between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone, hydrogen bonds Glycerol is a component part of - correct answers phospholipids. The function of the nucleolus is the - correct answers synthesis of ribosomes. The concentration of iodine in the cells of the thyroid gland is many times greater inside the cells than outside them. This situation could be maintained by - correct answers active transport of iodine across the plasma membrane. DNA is usually found in a double-stranded state. The two strands are held together by - correct answers hydrogen bonds between the bases of one strand and the complementary bases of the other. Of the following, the greatest electronegativity would be exhibited by an atom having - correct answers nine protons in its nucleus and seven electrons in its second electron shell. In the reaction of A + B --- C , the forward reaction has a negative value of ΔG. This means that the reaction - correct answers has the thermodynamic potential to proceed from left to right, but in the other direction upon the addition o