Exam 1 Biol 1009 UMN Questions With Well Elaborated Answers 100% Verified

Theory - correct answers a broad, well-supported explanation encompassing all living things Hypothesis - correct answers a proposed explanation that applies to a specific phenomenon or observation When H2O is added to a compound in a chemical reaction, a new compound can be formed via what type of reaction? - correct answers Hydrolysis Adding NH3 (ammonia) to water makes NH4+. What will be the general pH of this new solution, and what will happen to the ion concentrations? - correct answers Alkaline; decreased H+ ions and increased OH- Triglycerides can have a maximum of two C=C double bonds. - correct answers False Double stranded - correct answers DNA Housed within the nucleus of an animal cell - correct answers DNA Nitrogenous bases A,C,T,G - correct answers DNA Single stranded - correct answers RNA Nitrogenous bases A,U,G,C - correct answers RNA Ribose sugar within back bone - correct answers RNA Plays a role in gene expression - correct answers RNA polymerase Plays a role in muscle contraction / movement - correct answers Myosin Protects against disease - correct answers Antibody Plays a role in digestion and metabolism - correct answers Hexokinase and Lactase Provides support and structure - correct answers Actin and Collagen Facilitates movement of molecules across plasma membranes - correct answers Transporter Functional groups help define the properties of macromolecules. The __________ functional group(s) is/are found within amino acids, while carbohydrates contain the __________ functional group(s). - correct answers amino and carboxyl; hydroxyl Endomembrane system - correct answers Uses vesicles to transport proteins and sorts proteins for secretion Cytosol - correct answers Semifluid matrix and contains sugars, salts, and amino acids Nucleus - correct answers Houses DNA and contains a nucleolus Plasma membrane - correct answers Separates contents of cell from surroudings and made up of a phospholipid bilayer Instructions for protein synthesis and cell reproduction; contains genetic information - correct answers Nucleoid Intracellular compartment forms transport vesicles; participates in lipid synthesis and synthesis of membrane or secreted proteins - correct answers Endoplasmic reticulum Packages proteins for export from cell; forms secretory vesicle - correct answers Golgi Apparatus Digest worn-out organelles and cell debris; digest material taken up by endocytosis - correct answers Lysosomes "Power plants" of the cell; sites of oxidative metabolism - correct answers Mitochondria Sites of photosynthesis - correct answers Chloroplasts Regulates water levels in plant cells - correct answers Vacuole Used in break down of fats and contains the enzyme catalase - correct answers Peroxisome Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes both have - correct answers Plasma membrane, ribosomes, proteomes, and DNA Animal cells attach to each other using ________ proteins. - correct answers Cell junction Junctions called ________ permit communication between plant cells. - correct answers Plasmodesmata Animal cells use ________ to attach to the extracellular matrix. - correct answers Integrins Animal cells form leak-proof seals between cells using ________. - correct answers Tight junctions Cell connections called ________ help adjacent animal cells communicate. - correct answers Gap junctions Small amphipathic ________ are the most abundant molecules in a membrane. - correct answers Phospholipids Larger ________ make up half of the mass of a membrane. - correct answers Proteins Polar ________ are typically found attached to the outside of a membrane, via covalent linkages to proteins or lipids. - correct answers Carbohydrates Which process(es) produces 2 ATP? - correct answers Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle Which process(es) produces no ATP? - correct answers Breakdown of pyruvate and Electron transport chain Which process(es) produces 30-34 ATP? - correct answers ATP synthase Proteins and fats may be used as energy sources to drive aerobic respiration. - correct answers True Activation energy is reduced by enzymes. - correct answers True Your body needs amino acids to build new proteins encoded by your genes. Many of these amino acids come from your diet through the ____ of proteins you eat. - correct answers Catabolism Rank these reactions from least to most energetically favorable. (4=least favorable, 1=most) 1. ATP to ADP and Pi, −7.3 kcal/mol 2. PEP to pyruvate, −14.8 kcal/mol 3. Glucose-6-P to Fructose-6-P, +0.4 kcal/mol 4. Glucose to Glucose-6-P, +3.3 kcal/mol - correct answers 3, 4, 2, 1 Enzyme activity can reach Vmax with enough substrate added - correct answers Competitive inhibition Enzyme activity will not reach Vmax. - correct answers Noncompetitive inhibition The _______ of a reaction is not affected directly by temperature. - correct answers Enthalpy If a reaction has a negative change in _______, then it will be exothermic. - correct answers Free energy An increase in disorder is a form of _______. - correct answers Entropy Yoshida and Kinosita used a clever method to demonstrate the spinning movement of ATP synthase. If you were studying the movement of an enzyme and wanted to use a similar method, you would - correct answers observe the enzyme's movement directly through a high-powered electron microscope The energy for producing organic molecules in plants is directly driven by _______? - correct answers the use of light to provide electrons for oxidation and reduction reactions If you wanted to have a plant produce radioactively labeled O2 gas, you would feed it 18O labeled ______. - correct answers H2O Which best explains the role of plant pigments in photosynthesis? - correct answers Absorb light energy Autotrophs use the ____________ to make organic molecules. - correct answers Calvin Cycle O₂ is produced in the ____________. - correct answers Light reactions The light reactions involve a series of ____________ conversions. - correct answers Energy An electron carrier called ____________ drives the Calvin cycle. - correct answers NADPH H₂O provides ____________ for the light reactions. - correct answers Electrons Takes in CO2 - correct answers Photosynthesis Converts H2O to O2 - correct answers Photosynthesis Produces organic molecules - correct answers Photosynthesis Found only in photoautotrophs - correct answers Photosynthesis Consumes glucose - correct answers Cellular respiration O2 exits as H2O - correct answers Cellular respiration Produces CO2 - correct answers Cellular respiration In the Calvin cycle, NADPH __________. - correct answers donates electrons in an oxidation that results in the formation of NADP+ When the light-harvesting complex absorbs light energy, it is eventually passed to P680, which emits an electron. Which of the following statements correctly describes the energy and electrons during this process? - correct answers P680+ has less energy Ten to twenty percent of the body weight in humans is from water - correct answers False Water is the universal solvent, transporting dissolved substance in bodily fluids. - correct answers True Water bathes organs in fluid, which provides protection and support. - correct answers True The high specific heat of water means that we only lose a small amount of heat when the sweat on our skin evaporates. - correct answers False Water plays a major role in our bodies' chemical reactions. - correct answers True Water plays a much more important role in plants than in animals, due to the role of water in photosynthesis. - correct answers False Features of the phospholipid head and tails: Contains phosphate and charged nitrogen - correct answers Head Features of the phospholipid head and tails: Outside of membrane - correct answers Head Features of the phospholipid head and tails: Polar - correct answers Head Features of the phospholipid head and tails: Hydrophilic - correct answers Head Features of the phospholipid head and tails: Nonpolar - correct answers Tail Features of the phospholipid head and tails: Hydrophobic - correct answers Tail Features of the phospholipid head and tails: Inside of membrane - correct answers Tail Features of the phospholipid head and tails: Made of fatty acids - correct answers Tail Carbohydrate polymers are constructed of smaller monosaccharides. Isolate the monosaccharides in the list below. Sucrose Fructose Lactose Glucose Maltose Galactose - correct answers Fructose, glucose, maltose An insulin receptor is a protein structure with multiple functioning areas. What are these areas also known as and how do they affect the receptors function? - correct answers They are called domains, and their structure dictates their function Related to clarity of an image viewed through the microscope. This refers to the ability to distinguish between two separate cell structures, usually at high magnification. - correct answers Resolution The visualization of an object, sometimes aided with dyes and stains to create greater visual differences between cell structures. - correct answers Contrast The magnitude of the ratios comparing the actual size of an object and the image viewed through a microscope. - correct answers Magnification Not a parameter of microscopy, but rather a type of microscopy. - correct answers Phase Viewing general cell shape of unstained cells. - correct answers Phase contrast Viewing specific structures of probe marked regions. - correct answers Confocal fluorescence Viewing 0.2 μm section images of metal stained regions. - correct answers TEM Viewing 3D structures of the outside of the cell. - correct answers SEM Aquaporin allows water molecules to move very rapidly across a plasma membrane. What would be the best definition of this process? - correct answers Facilitated diffusion using a channel The solute concentration outside the cell is hypertonic to the inside of the cell. Where will water move? - correct answers Outside the cell The solute concentration outside the cell is hypotonic to the inside of the cell. Where will water move? - correct answers Inside the cell What happens to the shape of an animal cell if the outside of the cell is hypotonic to the inside of the cell. - correct answers Swelling and lysis What happens to the shape of an plant cell if the outside of the cell is hypotonic to the inside of the cell. - correct answers Minor swelling What happens to the shape of an animal cell if the outside of the cell is hypertonic to the inside of the cell. - correct answers Crenation What happens to the shape of an plant cell if the outside of the cell is hypertonic to the inside of the cell. - correct answers Plasmolysis At higher temperatures, how does cholesterol effect fluid in the membrane? - correct answers Makes it less fluid Do short or long nonpolar tails make the membrane more fluid? - correct answers Short The electron transport chain in bacteria is located in the - correct answers Cell membrane. In anabolic reactions that involve the synthesis of a large molecule from smaller precursor molecules, NADH and ATP are ____________ when they provide the needed electrons or energy. - correct answers Consumed In catabolic reactions that involve the breakdown of a molecule into smaller subunits, such as glucose to pyruvate, NADH and ATP are ____________ . - correct answers Produced