CMN 232 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026
Gumperz - Answers - Linguistic Variation
- Verbal repertoire
- All languages have variation, across contexts and speakers
Bailey (Service Encounters) - Answers - Service encounters between black customers and Korean
shopkeepers
- Black - Involvement politeness, express approval of self and personality of other
- Korean - Restraint politeness, unwillingness to impose
- Micro social interactions can help or worsen macro social interactions
Lippi-Green (SLI) - Answers - Standard Language ideology
- Bias towards idealized way of speaking, upper-middle class
- Promoted through institutions, schools, media, workplace, etc.
- Language subordination model
- Accent discrimination
- Accepting responsibility to communicate
- Non-mainstream English and varieties of speaking
- Different from Tannen/ScollonScollon/Gumperz bc attention to power, looks at macro social
interactions
Lippi-Green (Disney) - Answers - Perpetuates stereotypes
- Accents used to characterize
- Big bad wolf - Jewish peddler, accent
- Native language of setting rarely used
- Influential to kids, early exposure
Bailey (Dominican-Americans) - Answers - AAVE & befriending blacks to establish non-whiteness
- Speak Spanish to establish separation from blacks
- Avoiding sounding too white
- Avoiding too much Spanish
Martin & Nakayama (History) - Answers - Interactions with and perceptions of "others" are preceded
by histories of intergroup relations
- To understand our interactions, we need to think about the many histories that help form our
identities
- Political histories, intellectual histories, social histories, absent history, altered history, family history,
national history, cultural group history
- Power is a central dynamic in the writing of history; it influences content, what is taught/silenced
J. L. Austin - Answers - Speech Acts
- Language is more than just grammar and vocabulary. To understand language, you need to
understand that it serves a function and has the ability to carry out an action. There are direct and
indirect speech acts. Direct speech acts explicitly perform what they say, while indirect speech acts
ambiguously and inexplicitly perform an action.
Carroll - Answers - Stereotype formation
- Stereotypes come from people making judgments or assigning characteristics to groups and having it
take on the form of a truth in its wording. These judgments are made by making comparisons
between the viewer's gaze and the stereotyped group. Observing a behavior or characteristic of one
group to be different from another is not enough to accurately characterize a group.
American Anthropological Association - Answers - Statement on race
- Social construct
Agar (Languaculture) - Answers - Language and culture are interrelated
- Language alone is not enough to effectively communicate
Boas - Answers - Language is the path to culture
- Language and culture are separate
Tannen - Answers Pragmatics of Cross-cultural communication
1) When to talk, silence
2) What to say, small talk, accepting/deflecting compliments
3) Pacing & pausing
4) Listenership, active listening, responses, eye contact
5) Intonation, rise & fall of speaking
Gumperz - Answers - Linguistic Variation
- Verbal repertoire
- All languages have variation, across contexts and speakers
Bailey (Service Encounters) - Answers - Service encounters between black customers and Korean
shopkeepers
- Black - Involvement politeness, express approval of self and personality of other
- Korean - Restraint politeness, unwillingness to impose
- Micro social interactions can help or worsen macro social interactions
Lippi-Green (SLI) - Answers - Standard Language ideology
- Bias towards idealized way of speaking, upper-middle class
- Promoted through institutions, schools, media, workplace, etc.
- Language subordination model
- Accent discrimination
- Accepting responsibility to communicate
- Non-mainstream English and varieties of speaking
- Different from Tannen/ScollonScollon/Gumperz bc attention to power, looks at macro social
interactions
Lippi-Green (Disney) - Answers - Perpetuates stereotypes
- Accents used to characterize
- Big bad wolf - Jewish peddler, accent
- Native language of setting rarely used
- Influential to kids, early exposure
Bailey (Dominican-Americans) - Answers - AAVE & befriending blacks to establish non-whiteness
- Speak Spanish to establish separation from blacks
- Avoiding sounding too white
- Avoiding too much Spanish
Martin & Nakayama (History) - Answers - Interactions with and perceptions of "others" are preceded
by histories of intergroup relations
- To understand our interactions, we need to think about the many histories that help form our
identities
- Political histories, intellectual histories, social histories, absent history, altered history, family history,
national history, cultural group history
- Power is a central dynamic in the writing of history; it influences content, what is taught/silenced
J. L. Austin - Answers - Speech Acts
- Language is more than just grammar and vocabulary. To understand language, you need to
understand that it serves a function and has the ability to carry out an action. There are direct and
indirect speech acts. Direct speech acts explicitly perform what they say, while indirect speech acts
ambiguously and inexplicitly perform an action.
Carroll - Answers - Stereotype formation
- Stereotypes come from people making judgments or assigning characteristics to groups and having it
take on the form of a truth in its wording. These judgments are made by making comparisons
between the viewer's gaze and the stereotyped group. Observing a behavior or characteristic of one
group to be different from another is not enough to accurately characterize a group.
American Anthropological Association - Answers - Statement on race
- Social construct
Agar (Languaculture) - Answers - Language and culture are interrelated
- Language alone is not enough to effectively communicate
Boas - Answers - Language is the path to culture
- Language and culture are separate
Tannen - Answers Pragmatics of Cross-cultural communication
1) When to talk, silence
2) What to say, small talk, accepting/deflecting compliments
3) Pacing & pausing
4) Listenership, active listening, responses, eye contact
5) Intonation, rise & fall of speaking
