NSC 303 Concepts and Strategies in Public/Community Health: A Comprehensive Study Guide

NSC 303 CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES IN PUBLI
I I I I I I




C AND COMMUNITY HEALTH –
I I I I




STUDY GUIDE, EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWE
I I I I I




RS, TEST BANK, AND LEARNING
I I I I




RESOURCES




Table of contents I I I




Course introduction I I


Block Health for all I I I I


1 I
I

Unit 1 I I Health concept and prerequisites I I I I


Unit 2 I I Primary health care concept and principles. I I I I I I


Unit 3 I I health for all I I I


Unit 4 I I organization of health system based on Primary Health Care I I I I I I I I I




Unit 5 I I Health Care Resources and Monitoring and Evaluation of Health Servi
I I I I I I I I I


ces I
I

Course introduction I I




Nigeria comprises 80 per cent of rural population. There is a great imbalanc
I I I I I I I I I I I I


e in provision of medical care facilities and it has become a great challenge t
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


o provide health services to the very large population. Primary health care h
I I I I I I I I I I I I


as been considered as the main instrument of action for providing Health Fo
I I I I I I I I I I I I


r All.
I I
I

Primary Health Nursing addresses the health needs of the community at all l
I I I I I I I I I I I I


evels of care- I I


primary, secondary and tertiary, in homes, school, health centers and hospit
I I I I I I I I I I


als etc. I I




The course on Primary Health Nursing is divided into four blocks. Block 1 d
I I I I I I I I I I I I I


eals with the concepts related to Health For All which focuses on how goal o
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


f health for all can be achieved and what .type of services are needed to achie
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I




Page 1 of 103

, ve this goal. Block 2 focuses on Family Health Care, which focuses on the c
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


oncepts and services provided to the family. Block 3 deals with Maternal an
I I I I I I I I I I I I


d Child Health Care. Study of maternal and child health is extremely essenti
I I I I I I I I I I I I


al because these constitute the larger and vulnerable segment of population.
I I I I I I I I I I I


Block 4 explains the various elements of primary health care and the role of
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


a nurse in providing primary health care related to all these elements.
I I I I I I I I I I I I




After studying the course on Primary Health Nursing, you should be able to:
I I I I I I I I I I I I
I

.Explain the concepts of Health For All and Primary Health Care, I I I I I I I I I I I


.Explain the concepts related to Family Health Care, I I I I I I I I


.Provide Maternal and Child Health Care, and I I I I I I I


.Perform your role as a nurse in providing primary health care. I I I I I I I I I I I


Block1 HealthForAll IIII I




In the country, the development of health services through primary health ca
I I I I I I I I I I I


re approach is seen as a major thrust of Federal Governments policy which i
I I I I I I I I I I I I I


s supported by the International Conference held in Alma-
I I I I I I I I


Ata in 1978 which declared primary health care as the main instrument of ac
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


tion towards achieving Health For All by the year 2000 AD.
I I I I I I I I I I I
I

The Federal Government of Nigeria agreed upon the Primary Care approac
I I I I I I I I I I


h for providing health care services. As health care providers, we all need to
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


understand and/or refresh our knowledge and skills related to the concepts o
I I I I I I I I I I I


f primary health care, and Health For All etc. We must also be interested to le
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


arn and understand how the goal of health for all can be achieved? What typ
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


e of health manpower and health system is required for providing the health
I I I I I I I I I I I I I


services and how should we evaluate such services. I I I I I I I I
I

This block is divided into five units. Unit 1 deals with Health Concepts and p
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


re-
requisites, Unit 2 explains the Primary Health Care concept and principles,
I I I I I I I I I I I


Unit 3 deals with Health For All, Unit 4 focuses on Organisation of Health C
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


are System at various levels, and Unit 5 explains the Resources, Monitoring
I I I I I I I I I I I I


and Evaluation of Health Services.
I I I I I




As a distance learner you have to study these materials by self study. We hav
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


e given self assessment questions at appropriate places. These are given to
I I I I I I I I I I I I


make self assessment. We have also given answers to check these questions
I I I I I I I I I I I I


at the end of each unit. While working on the self assessment questions you s
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


hould not read through these answers. Instead you should make every effort
I I I I I I I I I I I I


to do them by yourself. We hope the information given in this block may hel
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


p you in improving your knowledge and skill so as to provide effective healt
I I I I I I I I I I I I I


h care to the people you serve.
I I I I I I I




Page 2 of 103

, Unit 1 I I Health Concept and Prerequisites I I I I




Structure I




1.0 Objectives
I I


1.1 Introduction
I I


1.2 Health Concept
I I I


1.2.1 Changing Concepts of Health
I I I I I


1.2.2 Definitions of Health I I I I


1.2.3 Health -a Relative Concept
I I I I I


1.2.4 Dynamics of Health I I I I


1.3 Dimensions of Health
I I I I


1.3.1 Physical Dimension I I I


1.3.2 Mental Dimension I I I


1.3.3 Social Dimension I I I


1.3.4 Spiritual Dimension I I I


1.4 Determinants of Health
I I I I


1.4.1 Heredity I I


1.4.2 Environment I I


1.4.3 Life Style I I I


1.4.4 Socioeconomic Conditions
I I I


1.4.5 Health and Family Welfare Services
I I I I I I


1.5 Prerequisites of Good Health
I I I I I


1.6 Let us Sum Up
I I I I I


1.7 Glossary I I


1.8 Answers to self assessment questions (SAQs)
I I I I I I I


1.9 Tutor-marked assignment
I I I
I

1.0 I Objectives I




In this unit you will learn the concept of health and prerequisites of health. A
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


fter completing this unit, you should be able to:
I I I I I I I I I


.Explain the concept of health, I I I I I


.Define health, I I


.List and explain the various dimensions of health .Discuss d
I I I I I I I I I


eterminants of health, and I I I I


.List and explain prerequisites of health.
I I I I I I
I

1.1 Introduction I I


You would have already studied the concepts of health in your basic Nursin
I I I I I I I I I I I I


g Programme. We shall now review and try to build on that in order to help y
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


ou gain a deeper understanding of health. This will enable you to develop kn
I I I I I I I I I I I I I


owledge and skill in promoting the health of the people you serve.
I I I I I I I I I I I I


Health is considered a fundamental human right and a worldwide social goa
I I I I I I I I I I I


l. In this unit, we shall try to concentrate on the concept and definition of hea
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I




Page 3 of 103

, lth and the concept of positive health and well being. An individual is said to
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


be healthy if he enjoys good health in four areas or dimensions i.e. physical,
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


mental, social and spiritual well being. These dimensions will be explained
I I I I I I I I I I I


in Section 1.3. Health is affected by various interlinked factors. We shall exa
I I I I I I I I I I I I


mine how these factors affect health in Section 1.4. At the end you will learn
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


about the prerequisites of good health. We hope that this knowledge will hel
I I I I I I I I I I I I


p you to contribute effectively towards promotion of health.
I I I I I I I I I
I

1.2 I Health concept I I




Every individual and, in fact, all communities have their own concept of hea
I I I I I I I I I I I I


lth, which has some relationship with their culture. The oldest concept of he
I I I I I I I I I I I I


alth is "absence of disease". Even now, maintenance of health is neglected e
I I I I I I I I I I I I


xcept in conditions of ill health. It is only during the past few decades that he
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


alth became conceived as a fundamental human right and a worldwide socia
I I I I I I I I I I I


l goal; that is, it is essential to the satisfaction of basic human needs and an i
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


mproved quality of life. It is to be attained by all people. The perception of h
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I


ealth varies among the members of a community including various professi
I I I I I I I I I I


onal groups (e.g. biomedical scientists, social scientist, specialists, health a
I I I I I I I I I


dministrators, ecologists, etc.), which give varied views on the concept of h I I I I I I I I I I I


ealth. You will learn about these changing concepts in the following subsect
I I I I I I I I I I I


ion. I
I

1.2.1 Changing concepts of health
I I I I I




Health has evolved as a concept from an individual concern to a worldwide s
I I I I I I I I I I I I I


ocial goal and encompasses the whole quality of life. A brief account of cha
I I I I I I I I I I I I I


nging concepts of health is given below. Figure 1.1 will give you an overvie
I I I I I I I I I I I I I


w of changing concepts of health. These are:
I I I I I I I I
I

i. Biomedical concept ii. Eco
I I I I


logical concept iii. Psychoso I I I


cial concept I I


iv. Holistic concept
I I I
I

(i) Biomedical concept: This concept stresses the germ theory i.e. disea I I I I I I I I I


se or ill health is caused due to disease causing organisms. The indivi
I I I I I I I I I I I I


dual was considered to be healthy only if he was free from disease. T
I I I I I I I I I I I I I


he human body was viewed as a machine and disease was considered
I I I I I I I I I I I


a consequence of the breakdown of the machine; and one of the doct
I I I I I I I I I I I I I


or's tasks was to repair the machine. This concept was criticized on th
I I I I I I I I I I I I


e basis that it had minimized the role of social, environmental, psyc
I I I I I I I II II II II


hological and cultural determinants of health. This model was foun II II I I I I I I I


d to be inadequate to solve some of the major health problems (e.g. m
I I I I I I I I I I I I I


alnutrition, chronic diseases, accidents, drug abuse, mental illness, e I I I I I I I I


nvironmental pollution, population explosion). In other words, we c I I I I I I I I


an say that this concept focused on the view that diseases can only be
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I




Page 4 of 103