Techniques
ControlM-
MAnswerMisM"anyMactionMtakenMbyMmanagement,MtheMboard,MandMotherMpartiesMto
MmanageMriskMandMincreaseMtheMlikelihoodMthatMestablishedMobjectivesMandMgoalsMw
illMbeMacheived.MManagementMplans,Morganizaes,MandMdirectsMtheMperformanceMofMsu
fficientMactionsMtoMprovideMreasonableMassuranceMthatMobjectivesMandMgoalsMwillMbe
Machieved.
ControlMprocessesM-
MAnswerMareM"theMpolicies,MproceduresM(bothMmanualMandMautomated),MandMactivitie
sMthatMareMpartMofMtheMcontrolMframework,MdesignedMandMoperatedMtoMensureMtha
tMrisksMareMcontainedMwithinMtheMlevelMthatManMorganizationMisMwillingMtoMaccept
measurementMandMcorrectionM-
MAnswerMControlMrequiresMfeedbackMonMtheMresultsMofMorganizationalMactivitiesMforM
theMpurposesMofM________M____M__________
TransactionMtrailsM-
MAnswerMaMcompleteMtrailMusefulMforMauditMandMotherMpurposesMmightMexistMforM
onlyMaMshortMtimeMorMonlyMinMcomputerMreadableMform.MTheMnatureMofMtheMtrail
MisMoftenMdependentMonMtheMtransactionMprocessingMmode.
UniformMprocessingMofMtransactionsM-
MAnswerMComputerMprocessingMuniformlyMsubjectsMsimilarMtransactionsMtoMtheMsame
MprocessingMinstructionsMandMthusMvirtuallyMeliminatesMclericalMerror.
SegregationMofMfunctionsM-
MAnswerMmanyMcontrolsMonceMperformedMbyMseparateMindividualsMmayMbeMconcentra
tedMinMcomputerMsystems.MThus,ManMindividualMwhoMhasMaccessMtoMtheMcomputerM
mayMperformMincompatibleMfunctions.MAsMaMresult,MotherMcontrolsMmayMbeMnecessar
yMtoMachieveMtheMcontrolMobjectivesMordinarilyMaccomplishedMbyM________M___M____
__
PotentialMforMincreasedMmanagementMsupervisionM-
MAnswerMcomputerMsystemsMofferMmanagementMmanyManalyticalMtoolsMforMreviewMan
dMsupervisionMofMoperations.MTheseMadditionalMcontrolsMmayMenhanceMinternalMcontro
, l.MForMexample,MtraditionalMcomparisonsMofMactualMandMbudgetedMoperatingMratiosMa
ndMreconciliationsMofMaccountsMareMoftenMavailableMforMreviewMonMaMmoreMtimelyM
basis.MFurtermore,MsomeMprogrammedMapplicationsMprovideMstatisticsMregardingMcomput
erMoperationsMthatMmayMbeMusedMtoMmonitorMactualMprocessing.
InitiationMorMsubsequentMexecutionMofMtransactionsMbyMcompuerM-
MAnswerMcertainMtransactionsMmayMbeMautomaticallyMinitiatedMorMcertainMprocedures
MrequiredMtoMexecuteMaMtransactionMmayMbeMautomaticallyMperformedMbyMaMcompu
terMsystem.MTheMauthorizationMofMtheseMtransactionsMorMproceduresMmayMnotMbeMd
ocumentedMinMtheMsameMwayMasMthoseMinMaMmanualMsystem.MAccordingly,Mmanage
ment'sMauthorizationMmayMbeMimplicitMinMitsMacceptanceMofMtheMdesignMofMtheMsyst
em.
PreventativeMcontrolsM-
MAnswerM_______M______MdeterMtheMoccurrenceMofMunwantedMevents
detectiveMcontrolsM-
MAnswerM_________M________MalertMtheMproperMpeopleMafterManMunwantedMevent.
CorrectiveMcontrolsM-MAnswerMcorrectMtheMnegativeMeffectsMofMunwantedMevents
directiveMcontrolsM-
MAnswerM_____M_____McauseMorMencourageMtheMoccurrenceMofMaMdesirableMevent.
compensatoryM"mitigated"McontrolsM-
MAnswerM_______M_______MmayMreduceMriskMwhenMtheMprimaryMcontrolsMareMineffe
ctive.MHowever,MtheyMdoMnotMbyMthemselves,MreduceMriskMtoManMacceptableMlevel
ComplementaryMcontrolsM-
MAnswerM_______M_____MworkMwithMotherMcontrolsMtoMreduceMriskMtoManMaccepta
bleMlevel.MTheirMsynergyMisMmoreMeffectiveMthanMeitherMcontrolMbyMitself.
BatchMprocessingM-
MAnswerMInMthisMmode,MtransactionsMareMaccumulatedMandMsubmittedMtoMtheMcomp
uterMasMaMsingleMbatch.