NR293 EXAM 2 2026 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY
GUIDE SOLVED QUESTIONS
◉ Pharmacokinetics: absorpition. Answer: affected by Route
Bioavailability % of drug that reaches bloodstream
First - pass effect: oral drugs pass through the liver leads to some
drug inactivated and reduces bioavailability
◉ Pharmacokinetics: Distribution. Answer: Rapid to high blood flow
organs : heart, liver, kidneys, brain
slower to muscle, skin and fat
◉ Pharmacokinetics: Metabolism. Answer: Mainly occurs in liver
uses cytochrome P-450 enzymes
enzyme activity affects drug interactions
◉ Pharmacokinetics: Excretion. Answer: Primarily through the
kidneys
poor kidney function= risk for drug toxicity
◉ Half life. Answer: time it takes to eliminate 50% of a drug from the
body
,◉ onset. Answer: time to start seeing a therapeutic effect
◉ Peak. Answer: Time to reach MAXIMUM drug effect
◉ DURATION. Answer: HOW LONG THE DRUG EFFECT LASTS
WITHOUT ANOTHER DOSE
◉ ABSORPTION: AGING ADULT. Answer: DECREASE GL BLOOD
FLOW
SLOWED GASTRIC EMPTYING AND GI MOTILTY
DECREASE GASTRIC PH
◉ DISTRIBUTION : AGING ADULT. Answer: DECREASE TOTAL BODY
WATER
INCREASE BODY FAT
DECREASE PROTIEN BINDING
◉ METABOLISM : AGING ADULT. Answer: DECREASE LIVER
ENZYME ACTIVITY
DECREASE HEPATIC BLOOD FLOW-SLOWER metabolism
◉ EXCRETION: AGING ADULT. Answer: DECREASE GFR(40- 50%)
, DECREASE KIDNEY FUNCTION - FEWER NEPHRONS
◉ Therapeutic EFFECT. Answer: DESIRED ACTION THAT IMPROVES
A HEALTH CONDITION
DRUGS ACT ON:
RECEPTORS
ENZYMES
CELL MEMBRANES
◉ AGONIST. Answer: ACTIVATES RECEPTOR OR ENZYME
EX) ALBTEROL
◉ PARTIAL AGONIST. Answer: PARTIALLY ACTIVATES RECEPTOR
◉ ANTAGONIST. Answer: BLOCKS RECEPTOR OR ENZYME
◉ COMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST. Answer: COMPETES WITH AGONIST
FOR THE SAME RECEPTOR
◉ NON-COMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST. Answer: BINDS EVERYWHERE
CHANGES RECEPTOR SHAPE=BLOCKS ALL ACTIVATION
GUIDE SOLVED QUESTIONS
◉ Pharmacokinetics: absorpition. Answer: affected by Route
Bioavailability % of drug that reaches bloodstream
First - pass effect: oral drugs pass through the liver leads to some
drug inactivated and reduces bioavailability
◉ Pharmacokinetics: Distribution. Answer: Rapid to high blood flow
organs : heart, liver, kidneys, brain
slower to muscle, skin and fat
◉ Pharmacokinetics: Metabolism. Answer: Mainly occurs in liver
uses cytochrome P-450 enzymes
enzyme activity affects drug interactions
◉ Pharmacokinetics: Excretion. Answer: Primarily through the
kidneys
poor kidney function= risk for drug toxicity
◉ Half life. Answer: time it takes to eliminate 50% of a drug from the
body
,◉ onset. Answer: time to start seeing a therapeutic effect
◉ Peak. Answer: Time to reach MAXIMUM drug effect
◉ DURATION. Answer: HOW LONG THE DRUG EFFECT LASTS
WITHOUT ANOTHER DOSE
◉ ABSORPTION: AGING ADULT. Answer: DECREASE GL BLOOD
FLOW
SLOWED GASTRIC EMPTYING AND GI MOTILTY
DECREASE GASTRIC PH
◉ DISTRIBUTION : AGING ADULT. Answer: DECREASE TOTAL BODY
WATER
INCREASE BODY FAT
DECREASE PROTIEN BINDING
◉ METABOLISM : AGING ADULT. Answer: DECREASE LIVER
ENZYME ACTIVITY
DECREASE HEPATIC BLOOD FLOW-SLOWER metabolism
◉ EXCRETION: AGING ADULT. Answer: DECREASE GFR(40- 50%)
, DECREASE KIDNEY FUNCTION - FEWER NEPHRONS
◉ Therapeutic EFFECT. Answer: DESIRED ACTION THAT IMPROVES
A HEALTH CONDITION
DRUGS ACT ON:
RECEPTORS
ENZYMES
CELL MEMBRANES
◉ AGONIST. Answer: ACTIVATES RECEPTOR OR ENZYME
EX) ALBTEROL
◉ PARTIAL AGONIST. Answer: PARTIALLY ACTIVATES RECEPTOR
◉ ANTAGONIST. Answer: BLOCKS RECEPTOR OR ENZYME
◉ COMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST. Answer: COMPETES WITH AGONIST
FOR THE SAME RECEPTOR
◉ NON-COMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST. Answer: BINDS EVERYWHERE
CHANGES RECEPTOR SHAPE=BLOCKS ALL ACTIVATION
