A-level GEOGRAPHY 7037/1 Paper 1
(Physical Geography) Mark scheme- June
2021 (AQA, A+ Verified Answers)
What is saltation
Sand sized sediment bounces along seabed
What is solution in terms of transport?
Dissolved sediment carried in water
What is a drift aligned coast?
Waves approach at an angle
What is a swash aligned coast?
Waves approach head on
What is gravity settling deposition(GSD)?
Not enough energy to transport sediment so it sinks due to gravity
What is flocculation deposition?
When 2 or more clay/silt particles bind and sink due to increased weight
What is a hooked spit?
Eg spurn head
What is a barrier beach
(bay bar is another term for barrier beach)
Eg south padre, texas
What are some examples of pull factors in migration?
Jobs, safety, and services.
What is the difference between voluntary and forced migration?
Voluntary migration is chosen, while forced migration occurs due to external pressures like
conflict or persecution.
What is the significance of South-South migration?
It now exceeds South-North migration, indicating changing global migration patterns.
What are the impacts of migration on source areas?
Brain drain, remittances, and 'left-behind' effects.
What are the impacts of migration on host areas?
Labour and tax base gains, cultural diversity, and pressure on local services.
What are the push factors for Mexican migration to the USA?
Poverty, violence, and limited access to services.
What are the pull factors for Mexican migration to the USA?
Demand for labor, higher wages, and existing migrant networks.
What is the estimated number of Mexican-born individuals in the USA?
11.5 million.
What is the role of the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC)?
To monitor human rights abuses and conduct Universal Periodic Reviews.
What does the term 'sovereignty' refer to?
Supreme authority within a territory, including control over borders and governance.
What is the Responsibility to Protect principle?
,The international community's obligation to intervene when a state fails to protect its population
from genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
What are the four types of intervention in human rights?
Aid, diplomacy, sanctions, and military intervention.
What is the significance of the Geneva Conventions?
They protect civilians and prisoners of war during conflicts.
What are the limitations of UN peacekeeping missions?
They cannot enforce regime change and depend on member funding.
What is the impact of globalization on migration?
It accelerates relocation and strengthens diaspora links.
What is the estimated number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Syria for 2024?
~6.8 million.
What are the causes of the Syrian refugee crisis?
State violence, civil conflict, and insecurity from groups like ISIS.
What is the impact of Venezuelan migration to Brazil?
Short-term strain on public services, filling informal sector jobs, and cultural enrichment.
What historical ties exist between Brazil and Portugal?
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from 1500 to 1822, leading to strong cultural and legal
connections.
What is the estimated remittance from the USA to Mexico in 2023?
$63.3 billion.
What are the challenges faced by host countries due to migration?
Pressure on housing, healthcare, and education systems.
What is the significance of the EU-Turkey deal?
It externalizes border control to manage migration flows.
What does India's GII ranking of 122/191 indicate?
It demonstrates persistent structural inequality despite economic growth.
What is the female literacy rate in India compared to males?
Female literacy is approximately 70% compared to 84% for males.
What is the labor force participation rate for females in India?
25% compared to 82% for males.
What cultural norm contributes to gender inequality in India?
Son preference.
What economic burden affects daughters in India?
The dowry system.
What major event triggered criminal law reform in India in 2013?
The 2012 Delhi 'Nirbhaya' case.
What governance response aims to improve girl survival and education in India?
Beti Bachao Beti Padhao.
What percentage of local political quotas are reserved for women under Panchayati Raj in
India?
33%.
What are the key human rights issues in Afghanistan since the Taliban regained power in
2021?
Severe restrictions on women's rights, no democratic governance, and limited civil liberties.
What percentage of the Afghan population requires humanitarian aid?
,~28 million people.
What is the primary destination for Lao migrants abroad?
Thailand.
What are the main drivers of migration from Laos?
Poverty, limited rural jobs, agricultural reliance, and informal labor markets.
What type of human rights abuses are prevalent in Laos?
Trafficking, forced labor, sexual exploitation, and debt bondage.
What international organization provides food aid and healthcare in Afghanistan?
UNDP, UNICEF, WFP.
What is the impact of humanitarian aid in Afghanistan?
It prevents famine and humanitarian collapse but does not secure long-term rights.
What is the GDP per capita of Laos?
Approximately $2,500.
What does the term 'effective sovereignty' refer to in the context of Laos?
The state has territorial sovereignty but limited control capacity.
What was a significant consequence of the 1981 Toxteth Riots in Liverpool?
It reinforced the narrative of marginalization and state neglect.
What role does Liverpool City Council play in regeneration?
It acts as a strategic planning authority and promotes city branding and investment.
What was the economic impact of the 2008 European Capital of Culture on Liverpool?
Estimated £750 million economic impact and ~15,000 jobs created.
What is the main criticism of the Liverpool ONE redevelopment?
Homogenization and high-end retail bias.
What is the significance of the Baltic Triangle in Liverpool's regeneration?
It has become a hub for creative industries and independent businesses.
What does the term 'topophilia' refer to in the context of Liverpool?
A strong attachment to a place built through lived experiences.
What was the impact of containerization on Liverpool's economy?
It reduced dock jobs and contributed to manufacturing decline.
What is the current life expectancy in Toxteth, Liverpool?
Lower life expectancy (~75M / 80F).
What is a key challenge faced by governance in Laos related to human rights?
Corruption and limited enforcement budgets.
What does the term 'cultural branding' refer to in Liverpool's context?
The use of cultural initiatives to reshape the city's identity, such as the 2008 Capital of Culture.
What is the relationship between governance and human rights outcomes in Afghanistan?
Human rights outcomes are primarily determined by governance; state sovereignty limits global
governance effectiveness.
What economic change occurred in GVA from 2000 to 2020?
GVA increased from £5.4bn to £12.6bn.
What shift occurred in the economy from manufacturing to which sectors?
Shifted to service and cultural economy, with growth in tourism, retail, and creative industries.
What is the life expectancy in Toxteth compared to Mossley Hill?
Toxteth: ~75M / 80F; Mossley Hill: ~82M / 86F.
What percentage of people in Toxteth are on benefits?
Approximately 38%.
, What is the average house price in Mossley Hill?
Around £350k.
What do insiders in urban areas feel about gentrification?
They feel pride in resilience and cultural heritage, but are suspicious of gentrification and outside
investors.
What is the definition of a disease?
A disorder of structure/function in the body causing symptoms.
What is the difference between communicable and non-communicable diseases?
Communicable diseases are infectious and transmissible person-to-person; non-communicable
diseases are chronic and non-transmissible.
What does 'endemic' mean in relation to disease?
Constant presence of a disease in a particular area.
What is 'vector' in the context of diseases?
An organism that transmits disease.
What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?
Prevalence is the total cases at a time; incidence is new cases over time.
What type of diffusion spreads diseases through person-to-person contact?
Contagious diffusion.
What are some barriers to disease diffusion?
Physical barriers (distance, climate) and socio-economic/political barriers (travel restrictions,
public health education).
How does development affect disease prevalence?
As development rises, sanitation and healthcare reduce communicable diseases, but lifestyle
changes increase non-communicable diseases.
What impact does climate change have on disease distribution?
Warming expands vector habitats and increases mortality from heatwaves and flooding.
What is the global distribution pattern of HIV/AIDS?
Mainly found in Northern Africa, with high numbers in South Africa and Nigeria.
What is the mortality rate from TB in Mozambique?
94 deaths per 100,000 in 2013.
What lifestyle factors contribute to the global distribution of diabetes?
Diet and exercise.
What is a significant cultural practice associated with the spread of bird flu?
Live poultry markets.
What are some positive impacts of natural hazards on disease spread?
Restrict movement of people and can mobilize response units quickly.
What are some negative impacts of excess water on health?
Stagnant water can lead to waterborne diseases.
What is a natural quarantine?
A situation where a disease is contained naturally within a population, such as the Ebola
outbreak in the Congo rainforest.
How can remote communities impact disease spread?
They can restrict population movements but may lack access to medical support.
What is the relationship between socio-economic inequality and health outcomes?
Persistent socio-economic inequality leads to disparities in health outcomes and access to
resources.
(Physical Geography) Mark scheme- June
2021 (AQA, A+ Verified Answers)
What is saltation
Sand sized sediment bounces along seabed
What is solution in terms of transport?
Dissolved sediment carried in water
What is a drift aligned coast?
Waves approach at an angle
What is a swash aligned coast?
Waves approach head on
What is gravity settling deposition(GSD)?
Not enough energy to transport sediment so it sinks due to gravity
What is flocculation deposition?
When 2 or more clay/silt particles bind and sink due to increased weight
What is a hooked spit?
Eg spurn head
What is a barrier beach
(bay bar is another term for barrier beach)
Eg south padre, texas
What are some examples of pull factors in migration?
Jobs, safety, and services.
What is the difference between voluntary and forced migration?
Voluntary migration is chosen, while forced migration occurs due to external pressures like
conflict or persecution.
What is the significance of South-South migration?
It now exceeds South-North migration, indicating changing global migration patterns.
What are the impacts of migration on source areas?
Brain drain, remittances, and 'left-behind' effects.
What are the impacts of migration on host areas?
Labour and tax base gains, cultural diversity, and pressure on local services.
What are the push factors for Mexican migration to the USA?
Poverty, violence, and limited access to services.
What are the pull factors for Mexican migration to the USA?
Demand for labor, higher wages, and existing migrant networks.
What is the estimated number of Mexican-born individuals in the USA?
11.5 million.
What is the role of the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC)?
To monitor human rights abuses and conduct Universal Periodic Reviews.
What does the term 'sovereignty' refer to?
Supreme authority within a territory, including control over borders and governance.
What is the Responsibility to Protect principle?
,The international community's obligation to intervene when a state fails to protect its population
from genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
What are the four types of intervention in human rights?
Aid, diplomacy, sanctions, and military intervention.
What is the significance of the Geneva Conventions?
They protect civilians and prisoners of war during conflicts.
What are the limitations of UN peacekeeping missions?
They cannot enforce regime change and depend on member funding.
What is the impact of globalization on migration?
It accelerates relocation and strengthens diaspora links.
What is the estimated number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Syria for 2024?
~6.8 million.
What are the causes of the Syrian refugee crisis?
State violence, civil conflict, and insecurity from groups like ISIS.
What is the impact of Venezuelan migration to Brazil?
Short-term strain on public services, filling informal sector jobs, and cultural enrichment.
What historical ties exist between Brazil and Portugal?
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from 1500 to 1822, leading to strong cultural and legal
connections.
What is the estimated remittance from the USA to Mexico in 2023?
$63.3 billion.
What are the challenges faced by host countries due to migration?
Pressure on housing, healthcare, and education systems.
What is the significance of the EU-Turkey deal?
It externalizes border control to manage migration flows.
What does India's GII ranking of 122/191 indicate?
It demonstrates persistent structural inequality despite economic growth.
What is the female literacy rate in India compared to males?
Female literacy is approximately 70% compared to 84% for males.
What is the labor force participation rate for females in India?
25% compared to 82% for males.
What cultural norm contributes to gender inequality in India?
Son preference.
What economic burden affects daughters in India?
The dowry system.
What major event triggered criminal law reform in India in 2013?
The 2012 Delhi 'Nirbhaya' case.
What governance response aims to improve girl survival and education in India?
Beti Bachao Beti Padhao.
What percentage of local political quotas are reserved for women under Panchayati Raj in
India?
33%.
What are the key human rights issues in Afghanistan since the Taliban regained power in
2021?
Severe restrictions on women's rights, no democratic governance, and limited civil liberties.
What percentage of the Afghan population requires humanitarian aid?
,~28 million people.
What is the primary destination for Lao migrants abroad?
Thailand.
What are the main drivers of migration from Laos?
Poverty, limited rural jobs, agricultural reliance, and informal labor markets.
What type of human rights abuses are prevalent in Laos?
Trafficking, forced labor, sexual exploitation, and debt bondage.
What international organization provides food aid and healthcare in Afghanistan?
UNDP, UNICEF, WFP.
What is the impact of humanitarian aid in Afghanistan?
It prevents famine and humanitarian collapse but does not secure long-term rights.
What is the GDP per capita of Laos?
Approximately $2,500.
What does the term 'effective sovereignty' refer to in the context of Laos?
The state has territorial sovereignty but limited control capacity.
What was a significant consequence of the 1981 Toxteth Riots in Liverpool?
It reinforced the narrative of marginalization and state neglect.
What role does Liverpool City Council play in regeneration?
It acts as a strategic planning authority and promotes city branding and investment.
What was the economic impact of the 2008 European Capital of Culture on Liverpool?
Estimated £750 million economic impact and ~15,000 jobs created.
What is the main criticism of the Liverpool ONE redevelopment?
Homogenization and high-end retail bias.
What is the significance of the Baltic Triangle in Liverpool's regeneration?
It has become a hub for creative industries and independent businesses.
What does the term 'topophilia' refer to in the context of Liverpool?
A strong attachment to a place built through lived experiences.
What was the impact of containerization on Liverpool's economy?
It reduced dock jobs and contributed to manufacturing decline.
What is the current life expectancy in Toxteth, Liverpool?
Lower life expectancy (~75M / 80F).
What is a key challenge faced by governance in Laos related to human rights?
Corruption and limited enforcement budgets.
What does the term 'cultural branding' refer to in Liverpool's context?
The use of cultural initiatives to reshape the city's identity, such as the 2008 Capital of Culture.
What is the relationship between governance and human rights outcomes in Afghanistan?
Human rights outcomes are primarily determined by governance; state sovereignty limits global
governance effectiveness.
What economic change occurred in GVA from 2000 to 2020?
GVA increased from £5.4bn to £12.6bn.
What shift occurred in the economy from manufacturing to which sectors?
Shifted to service and cultural economy, with growth in tourism, retail, and creative industries.
What is the life expectancy in Toxteth compared to Mossley Hill?
Toxteth: ~75M / 80F; Mossley Hill: ~82M / 86F.
What percentage of people in Toxteth are on benefits?
Approximately 38%.
, What is the average house price in Mossley Hill?
Around £350k.
What do insiders in urban areas feel about gentrification?
They feel pride in resilience and cultural heritage, but are suspicious of gentrification and outside
investors.
What is the definition of a disease?
A disorder of structure/function in the body causing symptoms.
What is the difference between communicable and non-communicable diseases?
Communicable diseases are infectious and transmissible person-to-person; non-communicable
diseases are chronic and non-transmissible.
What does 'endemic' mean in relation to disease?
Constant presence of a disease in a particular area.
What is 'vector' in the context of diseases?
An organism that transmits disease.
What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?
Prevalence is the total cases at a time; incidence is new cases over time.
What type of diffusion spreads diseases through person-to-person contact?
Contagious diffusion.
What are some barriers to disease diffusion?
Physical barriers (distance, climate) and socio-economic/political barriers (travel restrictions,
public health education).
How does development affect disease prevalence?
As development rises, sanitation and healthcare reduce communicable diseases, but lifestyle
changes increase non-communicable diseases.
What impact does climate change have on disease distribution?
Warming expands vector habitats and increases mortality from heatwaves and flooding.
What is the global distribution pattern of HIV/AIDS?
Mainly found in Northern Africa, with high numbers in South Africa and Nigeria.
What is the mortality rate from TB in Mozambique?
94 deaths per 100,000 in 2013.
What lifestyle factors contribute to the global distribution of diabetes?
Diet and exercise.
What is a significant cultural practice associated with the spread of bird flu?
Live poultry markets.
What are some positive impacts of natural hazards on disease spread?
Restrict movement of people and can mobilize response units quickly.
What are some negative impacts of excess water on health?
Stagnant water can lead to waterborne diseases.
What is a natural quarantine?
A situation where a disease is contained naturally within a population, such as the Ebola
outbreak in the Congo rainforest.
How can remote communities impact disease spread?
They can restrict population movements but may lack access to medical support.
What is the relationship between socio-economic inequality and health outcomes?
Persistent socio-economic inequality leads to disparities in health outcomes and access to
resources.
