NR442 / NR 442 Exam 2 2026/2027 Update | Community Health Nursing | Chamberlain University | Questions & Answers with Detailed Rationales | Grade A | Public Health Nursing & NCLEX-RN® Prep PDF

INSTANT PDF DOWNLOAD — This is the comprehensive Exam 2 preparation guide for NR442 / NR 442 - Community Health Nursing (2026 Update) at Chamberlain University, featuring questions and answers with detailed rationales. Designed for nursing students in community and public health nursing courses, this resource consolidates the essential community health concepts required to master the NR442 Exam 2 and excel in community health nursing. The guide is meticulously aligned with Chamberlain University curriculum, NCLEX-RN® test plan, APHA public health nursing competencies, and current evidence-based community health standards. This verified resource provides comprehensive coverage of key NR442 Community Health Nursing Exam 2 topics, including: Community Health Nursing Theories (Florence Nightingale (environmental theory—sanitation, clean air/water, nutrition), Lillian Wald (Henry Street Settlement, founder of public health nursing), Margaret Sanger (family planning, birth control), Hildegard Peplau (interpersonal relations, therapeutic communication), Ida Orlando (deliberative nursing process), Dorothea Orem (self-care deficit theory, dependent-care agent), Betty Neuman (systems model, stressors, prevention levels (primary, secondary, tertiary)), Nola Pender (health promotion model (HPM)—individual characteristics, behavior-specific cognitions/affect, behavioral outcomes), Mildred Montag (associate degree nursing education), Virginia Henderson (14 basic needs, nursing as substitute/supplement/assistant), Madeleine Leininger (transcultural nursing, culture care theory), community as client (community as aggregate (collection of individuals), community as system (subsystems (economic, education, government, healthcare, recreation, religious, communication, sanitation, transportation, safety), community as client (interventions target entire community, not just individuals)), epidemiology in community health (epidemiologic triad (agent, host, environment), levels of prevention (primary (prevent disease onset—immunizations, health education, lifestyle modification, environmental sanitation), secondary (early detection/screening—mammography, BP screening, Pap smear, lead screening, newborn metabolic screening, contact tracing, case finding), tertiary (reduce disability/restore function—rehabilitation, support groups, medication adherence programs, case management, physical/occupational/speech therapy, wound care, palliative care, hospice)), web of causation (multiple interacting factors, upstream thinking (address root causes, socioeconomic determinants, policy, environment vs downstream (individual treatment, acute care)), natural history of disease (prepathogenesis (before disease develops, risk factors present, primary prevention), pathogenesis (after disease develops, secondary/tertiary prevention)), screening (sensitivity (true positive rate, ability to identify those with disease), specificity (true negative rate, ability to identify those without disease), predictive value (PPV/NPV, depends on prevalence), lead time bias (earlier detection appears to prolong survival but may not change outcome), length bias (screening detects slower-progressing cases, overestimates benefit), overdiagnosis (detecting disease that would never cause symptoms/death), informed consent for screening (explain risks/benefits, false positives/negatives, follow-up testing), vaccine-preventable diseases (influenza, pneumococcal, COVID-19, hepatitis B, HPV, MMR, varicella, zoster (shingles), Tdap/Td, meningococcal, Hib, rotavirus, polio, rabies, hepatitis A, typhoid, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, cholera, tick-borne encephalitis, adenovirus, smallpox (bioterrorism preparedness)), herd immunity (threshold proportion of immune individuals needed to protect susceptible population, varies by disease (measles 92-95%, polio 80-86%, influenza 33-44% depending on strain, COVID-19 60-90% depending on variant, community immunity), vaccine hesitancy (causes (safety concerns, lack of trust in science/government/pharma, religious/cultural beliefs, misinformation (autism link (retracted, fraudulent), aluminum (safe), thimerosal (removed from childhood vaccines except multi-dose flu, no evidence harm), natural immunity superior (false, disease complications more severe than vaccine side effects), vaccine schedules overload immune system (false, infants exposed to thousands of antigens daily, vaccines tiny fraction), strategies (motivational interviewing, respect concerns, provide accurate information (CDC, ACIP, AAP, AAFP, WHO, IOM), address specific concerns, remind/recall systems, standing orders, vaccine mandates (school entry, healthcare workers, military, travel), opt-out policies (philosophical/personal belief, religious, medical exemption rates, cluster exemptions risk outbreaks (measles, pertussis))), community assessment (windshield survey (drive/walk through community, observe (housing (type, age, condition, vacant, boarded), zoning (residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, mixed), public spaces (parks, playgrounds, community centers, libraries, pools, recreation centers, senior centers), transportation (roads, sidewalks, bike lanes, public transit (bus, train, subway, tram), accessibility for disabled (curb cuts, ramps, audible signals)), safety (street lighting, crime (graffiti, bars on windows, security cameras, police presence, neighborhood watch signs), traffic (speed, crosswalks, signals, school zones), environmental hazards (pollution (air, water, noise, light), industrial sites, waste disposal (dumpsters, recycling bins, hazardous waste), brownfields, superfund sites, landfills, incinerators, power plants, transmission lines, cell towers)), demographics (signs (language, ethnicity, cultural indicators (restaurants, places of worship, community centers, ethnic media)), age distribution (schools, playgrounds, senior centers, assisted living, nursing homes, adult day care), socioeconomic status (housing conditions, vehicles, commercial areas (grocery stores (supermarkets, farmers markets, corner stores, food deserts, food swamps), fast food, liquor stores, payday loan stores, pawn shops, check cashing, title loan stores, dollar stores, secondhand stores, vacant storefronts)), health resources (hospitals, clinics (FQHC, community health center, rural health clinic, free clinic, urgent care, retail clinic), pharmacies (chain, independent, mail order), dental offices, mental health providers (psychiatrists, psychologists, LCSW, LPC, LMFT, community mental health center, substance use treatment (methadone clinic, buprenorphine provider, residential treatment, detox, sober living, halfway house, recovery support), harm reduction (syringe services program (SSP), naloxone distribution, safe consumption site (not US), fentanyl test strips)), social services (WIC, SNAP (food stamps), TANF, Medicaid/Medicare enrollment assistance, Social Security office, unemployment office, housing authority, shelters (homeless, domestic violence, youth, family, transitional, permanent supportive housing), food banks, food pantries, soup kitchens, Meals on Wheels, senior services (AAA (Area Agency on Aging), senior center, adult day care, home-delivered meals, transportation, legal assistance, ombudsman, long-term care Ombudsman, elder abuse hotline, adult protective services (APS)), disability services (vocational rehabilitation, independent living center, Center for Independent Living (CIL), disability rights, assistive technology, paratransit)), political (government buildings (city hall, county courthouse, state/federal building), voting precincts, polling places, voter registration, political signs, community organizing (neighborhood association, block club, tenant union, community advisory board, community coalition, grassroots organization, advocacy group (ACLU, NAACP, Sierra Club, MADD, Mothers Against Drunk Driving, National Safety Council, American Heart Association, American Cancer Society, American Lung Association, Alzheimer's Association, NAMI (National Alliance on Mental Illness), March of Dimes, Planned Parenthood)), education (schools (public (elementary, middle, high), private, charter, magnet, alternative, virtual, homeschooling), colleges/universities (community college, technical/trade school, 4-year college, university, graduate/professional school, medical school, nursing school), libraries (public, school, academic, law, medical), literacy programs (adult basic education (ABE), English as a second language (ESL), GED preparation, citizenship classes), early childhood education (Head Start, Early Head Start, preschool, daycare, licensed home daycare)), religion (places of worship (churches (denominations), synagogues, mosques, temples (Hindu, Buddhist, Sikh, Jain, Baha'i, Shinto, Taoist, Confucian), gurdwara, meetinghouse (Quaker), kingdom hall (Jehovah's Witness), chapel, cathedral, basilica, shrine, monastery, convent, seminary, parochial school, faith-based organizations (Catholic Charities, Lutheran Social Services, Jewish Family Services, Islamic Relief, Samaritan's Purse, World Vision, Salvation Army, St. Vincent de Paul, Habitat for Humanity), faith community nursing (parish nursing)), community readiness for change (stages (no awareness, denial/resistance, vague awareness, preplanning, preparation, initiation, stabilization, expansion/confirmation, professionalization), community organizing (grassroots (bottom-up, community identifies problems, develops solutions, builds power), grassroots support (top-down, external organizer helps community organize), strategies (consensus (cooperative, build relationships, shared goals, non-confrontational), conflict (confrontational, power struggle, advocacy, activism, protests, boycotts, civil disobedience, litigation, lobbying, media campaigns, voter registration, get-out-the-vote (GOTV), community coalitions (multiple organizations working together, shared vision, joint action, resource sharing, collective impact)), asset-based community development (ABCD) (identify community assets (individual (skills, talents, knowledge, experience, leadership), associational (neighborhood associations, faith groups, cultural groups, service clubs, hobby groups, sports leagues, unions, alumni associations), institutional (schools, libraries, hospitals, clinics, businesses, banks, credit unions, utility companies, media (newspaper, radio, TV, social media), parks/recreation, public works, police, fire, emergency services, nonprofits, foundations, government agencies), focus on strengths not deficits, build community capacity, empowerment, participation, social capital), community health planning models (MAPP (Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships) (community themes/strengths assessment, local public health system assessment, community health status assessment, forces of change assessment, identify strategic issues, formulate goals/strategies, action plan, evaluate), CHA/CHIP (community health assessment/community health improvement plan) (required for nonprofit hospitals (IRS 501(r)), public health departments (PHAB accreditation), assess health needs, prioritize, develop plan, implement, evaluate), PATCH (Planned Approach to Community Health) (CDC, community participation, data collection, priority setting, intervention design, evaluation), MAP-IT (Mobilize, Assess, Plan, Implement, Track) (Healthy People 2030 framework, mobilize partners, assess needs, plan interventions, implement, track outcomes), PRECEDE-PROCEED (predisposing, reinforcing, enabling constructs in educational/environmental diagnosis and evaluation, policy, regulatory, organizational constructs in educational and environmental development, phases (social assessment, epidemiological assessment, behavioral/environmental assessment, educational/ecological assessment, administrative/policy assessment, implementation, process evaluation, impact evaluation, outcome evaluation)), community health nursing roles (clinician (direct care, health screening, immunizations, case finding, wound care, medication administration, vital signs, phlebotomy, specimen collection, point-of-care testing, telehealth, home visits, school nursing, occupational health nursing, correctional nursing, forensic nursing, disaster response, mass casualty, triage, field hospital, shelter nursing, medical reserve corps (MRC)), educator (health teaching (individual, family, group, community), disease prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary), health literacy, teach-back method, plain language, culturally appropriate materials, interpreter services, community health education programs (smoking cessation, diabetes self-management, weight management, parenting classes, prenatal education, breastfeeding support, car seat safety, injury prevention, fall prevention, CPR/first aid, stop the bleed), advocate (patient advocacy (individual, family), community advocacy (policy change, resource allocation, social justice, health equity, environmental justice, food justice, housing justice, transportation justice, education equity, criminal justice reform, immigration policy, voting rights, civil rights, disability rights, LGBTQ+ rights, reproductive rights, gender equity), legislative advocacy (testify at hearings, meet with legislators, write position papers, letter-writing campaigns, phone calls, emails, social media advocacy, coalition building, grassroots lobbying, professional organization advocacy (ANA, NLN, Sigma, APHA, state nurses association, specialty nursing organizations)), collaborate (interprofessional collaboration (physicians, PAs, NPs, pharmacists, social workers, community health workers (CHW), promotores de salud, peer support specialists, patient navigators, case managers, discharge planners, care coordinators, public health officials (epidemiologists, health educators, environmental health specialists, sanitarians, public health nurses (PHN), nurse epidemiologists), community partners (schools, churches, businesses, nonprofits, government agencies, faith-based organizations, civic groups, service clubs (Kiwanis, Rotary, Lions, Optimist, Exchange, Soroptimist, Zonta, AAUW, League of Women Voters, NAACP, Urban League, LULAC, UnidosUS (formerly NCLR), Asian Americans Advancing Justice (AAJC), National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), National Indian Health Board (NIHB), Native American Indian Center, Tribal health department, Indian Health Service (IHS), Urban Indian Health Program (UIHP)), coalition building, partnership development, referral coordination, care transitions (hospital to home, skilled nursing facility (SNF), long-term acute care hospital (LTACH), inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF), home health agency (HHA), hospice, palliative care, assisted living, adult family home (AFH), group home, board and care, residential care facility, continuing care retirement community (CCRC), life plan community, senior apartment, low-income housing tax credit (LIHTC), Section 8 voucher, public housing, permanent supportive housing (PSH), rapid rehousing, transitional housing, emergency shelter, homeless drop-in center, respite care (medical respite for homeless)), leadership (change agent (initiate, guide, support community change), team building, conflict resolution, negotiation, mediation, facilitation, community meeting facilitation, focus groups, town halls, listening sessions, public speaking, media interviews, press releases, op-eds, letters to editor, social media management (Facebook, Twitter/X, Instagram, TikTok, LinkedIn, YouTube), data presentation (infographics, dashboards, story maps, GIS (geographic information systems) mapping, spatial analysis, hotspot mapping, cluster detection, buffer analysis, drive-time analysis, network analysis, density mapping, choropleth map, proportional symbol map, dot density map, cartogram, flow map, time series map), grant writing (needs statement, goals/objectives (SMART), methods, evaluation plan, budget, budget justification, sustainability plan, dissemination plan, logic model (inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes (short, intermediate, long-term), impact), theory of change, evidence-based interventions (EBIs), evidence-based practice (EBP), community-based participatory research (CBPR), translational research, implementation science, quality improvement (PDSA, Plan-Do-Study-Act, Lean, Six Sigma, root cause analysis (RCA), failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), fishbone diagram (Ishikawa), driver diagram, process map (flowchart, swimlane map, value stream map), run chart, control chart, Pareto chart, histogram, scatter plot, balanced scorecard, dashboard, scorecard), research (community health needs assessment (CHNA), community health assessment (CHA), community health improvement plan (CHIP), community health survey (BRFSS, PRAMS, YRBSS, NHANES, NHIS, MEPS, HCUP, HCAHPS, YRBS, NSCH, NHTS, NSDUH, NVSS, WONDER, CDC, NCHS, SAMHDA, ICPSR, data analysis (descriptive (mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation, frequency, proportion, rate (incidence rate, prevalence rate, mortality rate, case fatality rate, attack rate, secondary attack rate, crude rate, age-adjusted rate, age-specific rate, sex-specific rate, race-specific rate, cause-specific rate, proportional mortality ratio (PMR), standardized mortality ratio (SMR), years of potential life lost (YPLL), disability-adjusted life year (DALY), quality-adjusted life year (QALY), health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)), inferential (t-test, ANOVA, chi-square, correlation, regression (linear, logistic, Poisson, Cox proportional hazards), odds ratio (OR), relative risk (RR), risk difference (RD), attributable risk (AR), population attributable risk (PAR), number needed to treat (NNT), number needed to harm (NNH), hazard ratio (HR), incidence rate ratio (IRR), mortality rate ratio (MRR), survival analysis, Kaplan-Meier, log-rank test, confidence interval (CI), p-value, statistical significance (α=0.05, 0.01), power (1-β, typically 0.80), sample size, effect size, bias (selection, information, recall, response, nonresponse, social desirability, recall, interviewer, surveillance, detection, lead time, length, publication, reporting, attrition, confounding, effect modification (interaction)), confounding (control at design (randomization, restriction, matching), analysis (stratification, multivariate regression, propensity score)), causation (Bradford Hill criteria (strength of association, consistency, specificity, temporality, biological gradient (dose-response), plausibility, coherence, experiment, analogy)), community-based participatory research (CBPR) (equitable partnership, co-learning, capacity building, shared decision-making, community ownership, action orientation, dissemination to community, policy change, sustainability)), disaster nursing (phases of disaster (mitigation (prevention, risk reduction, building codes, zoning, flood control, firebreaks, earthquake retrofitting, tsunami walls, seawalls, levees, dams, storm shelters, community warning systems, public education, drills, exercises, emergency operations plan (EOP), hazard vulnerability analysis (HVA), continuity of operations plan (COOP), preparedness (planning, training, drills, exercises (tabletop, functional, full-scale), stockpiling (Strategic National Stockpile (SNS), cache, push packs, CHEMPACK), personal protective equipment (PPE) (N95 respirator, PAPR, gown, gloves, face shield, goggles, booties, hazmat suit (Level A, B, C, D)), decontamination (dry (remove clothing, blot, brush), wet (soap and water, neutralize)), mass casualty incident (MCI) response (incident command system (ICS) (command, operations, planning, logistics, finance/administration), national incident management system (NIMS), hospital incident command system (HICS), disaster medical assistance team (DMAT), national disaster medical system (NDMS), emergency system for advance registration of volunteer health professionals (ESAR-VHP), medical reserve corps (MRC), community emergency response team (CERT), triage (START (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment) (ambulatory (green/minor, delayed), respirations (absent (position airway, if still absent, black/deceased), 30 (red/immediate), 30 (perfusion/perfusion (capillary refill 2 seconds or no radial pulse (red/immediate), capillary refill 2 seconds or radial pulse present (mental status/can't follow commands (red/immediate), can follow commands (yellow/delayed, walking wounded green/minor)))), disaster triage tags (green/minor (walking wounded, delayed care), yellow/delayed (stable, can wait, serious injuries but not life-threatening, can be delayed 30-60 minutes), red/immediate (life-threatening, treat immediately, transport priority, expected to survive with treatment), black/deceased (dead, expectant, unlikely to survive even with treatment, or massive injuries, no respirations after airway repositioning, pulseless, decapitation, incineration, rigor mortis, dependent lividity)), disaster nursing roles (shelter nursing (mass care shelter, special needs shelter (SPN), medical needs shelter (MNS), respite shelter, pet-friendly shelter, cooling center, warming center, shelter assessment (safety, sanitation (handwashing stations, portable toilets, showers, laundry), food (meals ready to eat (MREs), shelf-stable food, food preparation, dietary restrictions, allergies), water (potable water, hydration stations), medication management (prescription refills, refrigerated medications, controlled substances), chronic disease management (diabetes (insulin, glucose monitoring, foot care), hypertension (BP monitoring, medication adherence), heart failure (weight monitoring, diuretics), COPD (oxygen, inhalers, spirometry), asthma (inhalers, peak flow), dialysis (coordinate with dialysis centers), wound care (pressure injuries, diabetic ulcers, surgical wounds), ostomy care (colostomy, ileostomy, urostomy), tube feeding (enteral nutrition), catheter care (indwelling urinary catheter, suprapubic catheter), mental health (psychological first aid (PFA), crisis counseling, stress management, coping skills, resilience, debriefing, critical incident stress management (CISM), critical incident stress debriefing (CISD), demobilization, defusing, staff support, self-care), infectious disease surveillance (screening (fever, cough, shortness of breath, diarrhea, vomiting, rash, jaundice), isolation (individual, cohort), quarantine, personal protective equipment (PPE), hand hygiene, cough etiquette, respiratory hygiene, social distancing, masking, vaccination (point of dispensing (POD)), antibiotic prophylaxis (mass distribution)), family reunification (missing persons, unaccompanied minors, separated families, reunification centers, American Red Cross Safe and Well website, FEMA National Emergency Family Registry and Locator System (NEFRLS), National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), disaster welfare inquiry (DWI)), volunteer management (credentialing, privileging, training, supervision, liability (Good Samaritan laws, Volunteer Protection Act, state emergency management assistance compact (EMAC), federal tort claims act (FTCA) for federal employees, disaster declaration, licensure portability (interstate compact (NLC) (enhanced nurse licensure compact (eNLC), emergency declaration waivers, HHS secretary waiver under section 1135 of the Social Security Act, emergency medical treatment and labor act (EMTALA) waiver, health insurance portability and accountability act (HIPAA) waiver, medicare/medicaid waivers), documentation (electronic health record (EHR) downtime, paper records, disaster documentation forms (DDF), minimum data set (MDS), situation report (SITREP), after-action report (AAR), improvement plan (IP)), response (activate EOP, ICS, EOC (emergency operations center), JIC (joint information center), public information officer (PIO), risk communication (crisis and emergency risk communication (CERC) (be first, be right, be credible, express empathy, promote action, show respect)), evacuation (horizontal (within facility), vertical (to higher floor), lateral (to adjacent building), full (complete), partial (select patients), shelter-in-place (internal (stay inside, seal room), protective (go to designated safe area)), evacuation decision (risk-benefit (stay vs go), patient acuity (critical care, ventilator, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), ventricular assist device (VAD), total artificial heart (TAH), impella, temporary pacemaker, intracranial pressure (ICP) monitor, external ventricular drain (EVD), lumbar drain, chest tube, tracheostomy, airway management, sedation, paralysis, vasoactive infusions, antiarrhythmic infusions, insulin infusion, blood transfusion, massive transfusion protocol (MTP)), transport (ambulance (basic life support (BLS), advanced life support (ALS), paramedic, critical care transport (CCT)), ambulance bus (ambus), medical evacuation (medevac) helicopter (rotor-wing), fixed-wing aircraft (plane, jet), ground (bus, van, car, train, boat (water ambulance)), transport ventilator, portable monitor, infusion pump, oxygen cylinder, suction, defibrillator, medications, supplies, transfer paperwork, transfer of care, destination (receiving facility (hospital (Level I, II, III, IV trauma center, burn center, comprehensive stroke center (CSC), primary stroke center (PSC), thrombectomy-capable stroke center (TSC), cardiac receiving center (CRC), STEMI receiving center (SRC), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) center, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) center, extracorporeal life support (ECLS) center, transplant center, pediatric center (pediatric trauma center, pediatric critical care center (PCCC), children's hospital, pediatric medical center), neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) level (I, II, III, IV), high-risk obstetrics (perinatal center), maternal level of care (I, II, III, IV), freestanding emergency department (FSED), critical access hospital (CAH), rural health clinic (RHC), federally qualified health center (FQHC), urgent care, primary care, skilled nursing facility (SNF), long-term acute care hospital (LTACH), inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF), hospice, inpatient hospice, palliative care unit, psychiatric hospital (behavioral health, mental health), addiction treatment center (substance use disorder (SUD)), residential treatment center (RTC), crisis stabilization unit (CSU), detoxification center (detox), sobering center, recovery community organization (RCO), peer support, recovery residence (sober living), Oxford house, halfway house, three-quarter house), decompression (staff fatigue, stress, critical incident stress management (CISM), psychological first aid (PFA), mental health support, employee assistance program (EAP), peer support, chaplain, grief counseling, memorial service, time off, shift rotation, meals, hydration, rest breaks, debriefing (operational, clinical, emotional), recovery (rebuild, restore, return to normal, mitigation (reduce future risk), recovery phases (short-term (weeks to months), long-term (months to years)), community recovery (infrastructure (roads, bridges, tunnels, airports, seaports, rail, transit, water, sewer, electric, natural gas, telecommunications, internet, cell towers, broadcast, cable, satellite), housing (temporary (trailers, modular homes, manufactured housing, apartment complexes, hotels/motels, dorms, barracks, cruise ships), permanent (reconstruction, rehabilitation, buyout, relocation)), economic recovery (business interruption, unemployment, loss of revenue, tax base decline, tourism decline, supply chain disruption, insurance claims, disaster loans (Small Business Administration (SBA), Economic Injury Disaster Loan (EIDL)), disaster unemployment assistance (DUA), crisis counseling program, legal services, disaster case management, long-term recovery group (LTRG), voluntary organizations active in disaster (VOAD), national voluntary organizations active in disaster (NVOAD) (American Red Cross, Salvation Army, Southern Baptist Disaster Relief, United Methodist Committee on Relief (UMCOR), Lutheran Disaster Response, Episcopal Relief and Development, Presbyterian Disaster Assistance, Catholic Charities USA, Jewish Federations of North America, Islamic Relief USA, Church World Service (CWS), Mennonite Disaster Service, Adventist Community Services, Samaritan's Purse, Team Rubicon, All Hands and Hearts, Convoy of Hope, World Central Kitchen (WCK), Operation BBQ Relief, Mercy Chefs, Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT), Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team (DMORT), Veterinary Medical Assistance Team (VMAT), National Disaster Medical System (NDMS), federal resources (Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (individual assistance (IA) (housing assistance, other needs assistance (ONA) (medical, dental, funeral, personal property, transportation, moving and storage, child care, miscellaneous items)), public assistance (PA) (emergency protective measures, debris removal, repair/rebuild public infrastructure (roads, bridges, water control facilities, buildings, equipment, utilities, parks, recreation), hazard mitigation grant program (HMGP), pre-disaster mitigation (PDM), flood mitigation assistance (FMA), building resilient infrastructure and communities (BRIC)), disaster declaration (emergency declaration, major disaster declaration, Stafford Act, Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act), federal support (Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Customs and Border Protection (CBP), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Transportation Security Administration (TSA), Coast Guard (USCG), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Weather Service (NWS), United States Geological Survey (USGS), Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Department of Defense (DoD), National Guard, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Department of Energy (DOE), Department of Transportation (DOT), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Department of the Interior (DOI), Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), Indian Health Service (IHS), Department of Justice (DOJ), Bureau of Prisons (BOP), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Department of State (DOS), U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations (UN), Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), World Food Programme (WFP), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) (Doctors Without Borders), International Rescue Committee (IRC), Oxfam, Save the Children, CARE, World Vision, Catholic Relief Services (CRS), Lutheran World Relief, Islamic Relief Worldwide), environmental health (air quality (particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), lead (Pb), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), secondhand smoke (SHS), radon, asbestos, mold, dampness, indoor air quality (IAQ), sick building syndrome (SBS), building-related illness (BRI), asthma triggers, air pollution control (Clean Air Act, emissions standards, vehicle emissions testing, industrial scrubbers, catalytic converters, electrostatic precipitators, baghouses, cyclones, wet scrubbers, dry scrubbers, selective catalytic reduction (SCR), selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR), flue gas desulfurization (FGD) (scrubber), low-NOx burners, oxygenated fuels, reformulated gasoline, electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid vehicles (HEV), plug-in hybrid (PHEV), battery electric (BEV), fuel cell electric (FCEV), hydrogen, compressed natural gas (CNG), propane (LPG), biodiesel, renewable diesel, ethanol (E10, E15, E85), methanol, butanol, ammonia, renewable natural gas (RNG), sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), public transit (bus, light rail, heavy rail, commuter rail, bus rapid transit (BRT), streetcar, trolley, cable car, ferry, water taxi, bike share, scooter share, car share, vanpool, telework, remote work, active transport (walking, biking, rolling)), water quality (safe drinking water (Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), EPA primary standards (maximum contaminant level (MCL), treatment technique (TT)), secondary standards (aesthetic (taste, odor, color)), source water (groundwater (aquifer, well), surface water (river, lake, reservoir, stream, pond)), water treatment (coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, filtration (sand, multimedia, membrane (microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO)), disinfection (chlorine, chloramine, ozone (O3), ultraviolet (UV), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), chlorite, bromine, iodine), fluoridation, corrosion control, pH adjustment, water storage (water tower, reservoir, tank, cistern), water distribution (pipe (cast iron, ductile iron, PVC, HDPE, copper, lead (lead service lines, lead solder—risk lead poisoning, corrosion control, partial lead service line replacement (SLR), full SLR, lead and copper rule (LCR), optimal corrosion control treatment (OCCT)), water main, hydrant, valve, meter, backflow preventer, cross-connection control), water quality monitoring (coliform bacteria (total coliform, E. coli), nitrate, nitrite, lead, copper, arsenic, chromium, mercury, cadmium, selenium, antimony, beryllium, thallium, cyanide, fluoride, chlorine, chloramine, chlorite, bromate, haloacetic acids (HAA5, HAA9), total trihalomethanes (TTHM), disinfection byproducts (DBPs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), synthetic organic compounds (SOCs), pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, furans, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (PFOA, PFOS, GenX, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDA, PFHpA, PFBS, PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFUnA, PFDoA, PFTrA, PFTeA), microplastics, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), radionuclides (radium, uranium, gross alpha, gross beta, radon)), waterborne diseases (cholera (Vibrio cholerae), typhoid fever (Salmonella typhi), shigellosis (Shigella), giardiasis (Giardia lamblia), cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium hominis), amebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica), cyclosporiasis (Cyclospora cayetanensis), norovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis A, hepatitis E, Legionnaires' disease (Legionella pneumophila), Pontiac fever, leptospirosis (Leptospira), Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter jejuni), E. coli O157:H7, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio fluvialis, Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio hollisae, Vibrio furnissii, Vibrio damsela, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella enterica, Salmonella bongori, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella typhi, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum (infant botulism from honey), Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acanthamoeba, Naegleria fowleri (primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), freshwater (lake, river, hot spring), warm freshwater, nasal exposure (diving, jumping, water sports, nasal rinsing with tap water (neti pot), use distilled, sterile, boiled, or filtered (1 micron absolute pore size) water, rinse after use with distilled/sterile water, allow to air dry), Schistosoma species (schistosomiasis) (cercarial dermatitis (swimmer's itch), not in US, but travel-related, freshwater snails), Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm, dracunculiasis), food safety (foodborne illness, CDC 5 risk factors for foodborne illness (improper holding temperatures, inadequate cooking, contaminated equipment, poor personal hygiene, food from unsafe sources), food safety principles (clean (handwashing (20 seconds with soap and water before, during, after food handling), surfaces, utensils, produce (rinse, scrub firm produce, no soap/detergent), separate (raw meat, poultry, seafood, eggs from ready-to-eat foods (cross-contamination prevention), cutting boards (separate, color-coded, sanitize), cook (internal temperature (poultry 165°F (74°C), ground meats (160°F (71°C)), beef, pork, lamb, veal (steaks, roasts, chops) 145°F (63°C) + rest 3 minutes, fish 145°F, eggs 160°F (71°C), leftovers 165°F, casseroles 165°F), food thermometer (thermocouple, thermistor, dial), chill (refrigerator ≤40°F (4°C), freezer ≤0°F (-18°C), 2-hour rule (refrigerate within 2 hours, 1 hour if 90°F (32°C)), thaw (refrigerator, cold