HMX Immunology Final Exam Questions
With Correct Answers
Epithelial barriers - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Essential to life and protect organisms
| | | | | | | | | |
from potentially harmful environmental factors
| | | |
Which of the cells below are tissue resident sentinel cells - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-mast cell, macrophage, dendritic cell | | | |
Which of the cells below are circulating blood cells that will enter tissue in
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
response to inflammation? (select two answers) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
| | | | | | | |
Neutrophils
Monoctyes
Mast cell - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine)
| | | | | | | | | |
that promote inflammation.
| | |
Neutrophil - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Most abundant leukocyte
| | | | |
Phagocyte that rapidly dies after ingesting microbe
| | | | | |
macrophage - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Phagocyte that cleans up apoptotic cells
| | | | | | | |
When a monocyte moves into the tissues, it changes rapidly and becomes a
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
____________ . - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-macrophage| | | |
,Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a genetic defect that leads to recurrent
| | | | | | | | | | | |
infections in the tissue and severe problems with wound healing. LAD patients
| | | | | | | | | | | |
also develop severe gingivitis (infections and inflammation of the gums). In LAD,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
leukocyte migration into tissues is severely impaired. All of these problems can be
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|traced back to a genetic defect. Of the genetic defects listed below, which is the
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
most likely cause of LAD? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A mutation that introduces a
| | | | | | | | | | | |
stop codon into a gene that encodes part of the LFA-1 molecule (leading to a
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
truncated protein). |
Toll-like receptors for bacterial PAMPs are found on/in the - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-cell membrane |
There are a few different proteins that act as inhibitors of NF-kB. There is a very
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
rare genetic disease in which one of these proteins, IkBα, is mutated. The
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
mutation substantially alters the stability of the IkBα protein. In patients with this
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
disease, IkBα protein expression does not change in response to stimuli that
| | | | | | | | | | | |
cause IkBα degradation in healthy individuals. Consider the biological role of NF-
| | | | | | | | | | |
kB inhibitors. What are the most likely symptoms of this genetic defect? -
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Immunodeficiency with a susceptibility to bacterial
| | | | | | |
infections.
The complement pathway initiated by host proteins that bind to microbial sugars
| | | | | | | | | | | |
is called the ____________ pathway. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-lectin pathway
| | | | | | | |
ssRNA (single-stranded RNA) and dsDNA (double-stranded DNA) are present in
| | | | | | | | | |
mammalian cells. Why don't our plasmacytoid dendritic cells activate an innate
| | | | | | | | | | |
immune response against these self nucleic acids that are necessary for normal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
,cellular function? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The TLRs that recognize ssRNA and
| | | | | | | | | |
dsDNA are sequestered in endosomes.
| | | |
How can the antiviral state be propagated in the absence of immune cells? -
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Type I IFNs are produced by infected epithelial cells; this
| | | | | | | | | | |
induces anti-viral biochemical changes in the same cell and adjacent cells.
| | | | | | | | | |
A child presents with recurrent bacterial infections. Of the genetic defects
| | | | | | | | | | |
described below, what is the most likely cause of her disease? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-A mutation in the C3 gene that renders the C3 protein | | | | | | | | | | |
nonfunctional.
____________ is the process by which something that is not otherwise| | | | | | | | | | |
recognized as a pathogen is coated with proteins that make it more recognizable
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
to the immune system. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Opsonization
| | | | | |
The majority of the symptoms of tetanus infection are caused by the tetanus
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
toxins, chiefly tetanospasmin. Tetanospasmin is one of the deadliest toxins
| | | | | | | | | |
known; even very small doses (nanograms) can be lethal. It targets the nerves,
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
causing severe muscle spasms. The tetanus vaccine consists of inactivated tetanus
| | | | | | | | | |
|toxin; the vaccine is highly effective for preventing tetanus. Inoculation with the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
tetanus vaccine leads to the production of protective antibodies. How do these
| | | | | | | | | | | |
antibodies prevent tetanus? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Neutralization
| | | | |
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an extracellular bacterium that is a leading cause of
| | | | | | | | | | |
bacterial pneumonia and meningitis, particularly in children and the elderly.
| | | | | | | | | | |
Fortunately, most cases of S. pneumoniae can be prevented with a vaccine that
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
contains components of the bacterial capsule. The vaccine is known to lead to the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
production of antibodies that recognize intact bacteria.
| | | | | | |
, What are the most likely mechanisms activated by these antibodies that result in
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
protection against S. pneumoniaeinfection? (select two answers) - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-The key is that S. pneumoniae is an extracellular bacterium. The | | | | | | | | | | |
vaccine elicits a humoral immune response, which generates antibodies that bind
| | | | | | | | | | |
to the surface of the bacterium. The antibodies bound to bacteria can activate
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
complement (direct killing of the bacteria) and opsonization followed by
| | | | | | | | | |
phagocytosis. ADCC is usually directed against viral proteins displayed on the
| | | | | | | | | | |
surface of cells. It is conceivable that antibodies could neutralize the function of
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
bacterial components, but direct killing by complement and phagocytosis are the
| | | | | | | | | | |
best-characterized mechanisms for eliminating extracellular bacteria. | | | | |
There is strong interest in developing a vaccine that would prevent human
| | | | | | | | | | | |
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or substantially reduce viral loads in a | | | | | | | | | | |
person with HIV. HIV infects immune cells by binding to a receptor called CD4 on
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
the surface of those cells. Laboratory studies have identified rare antibodies that
| | | | | | | | | | | |
bind to intact HIV viral particles and effectively control the virus in certain
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
individuals. Structural studies revealed that some of these antibodies bind to a
| | | | | | | | | | | |
protein on the surface of HIV at the same location where this protein binds to
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CD4.
What is the most likely mechanism of action of these antibodies? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-Neutralization
How many distinct peptide chains are found in a single molecule of IgG? -
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Each IgG antibody is comprised of two heavy chain and
| | | | | | | | | | |
two light chain peptide chains joined by disulfide bridges.
| | | | | | | |
How many distinct binding sites are found in a single molecule of IgG? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-Two
With Correct Answers
Epithelial barriers - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Essential to life and protect organisms
| | | | | | | | | |
from potentially harmful environmental factors
| | | |
Which of the cells below are tissue resident sentinel cells - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-mast cell, macrophage, dendritic cell | | | |
Which of the cells below are circulating blood cells that will enter tissue in
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
response to inflammation? (select two answers) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
| | | | | | | |
Neutrophils
Monoctyes
Mast cell - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine)
| | | | | | | | | |
that promote inflammation.
| | |
Neutrophil - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Most abundant leukocyte
| | | | |
Phagocyte that rapidly dies after ingesting microbe
| | | | | |
macrophage - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Phagocyte that cleans up apoptotic cells
| | | | | | | |
When a monocyte moves into the tissues, it changes rapidly and becomes a
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
____________ . - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-macrophage| | | |
,Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a genetic defect that leads to recurrent
| | | | | | | | | | | |
infections in the tissue and severe problems with wound healing. LAD patients
| | | | | | | | | | | |
also develop severe gingivitis (infections and inflammation of the gums). In LAD,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
leukocyte migration into tissues is severely impaired. All of these problems can be
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|traced back to a genetic defect. Of the genetic defects listed below, which is the
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
most likely cause of LAD? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-A mutation that introduces a
| | | | | | | | | | | |
stop codon into a gene that encodes part of the LFA-1 molecule (leading to a
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
truncated protein). |
Toll-like receptors for bacterial PAMPs are found on/in the - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-cell membrane |
There are a few different proteins that act as inhibitors of NF-kB. There is a very
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
rare genetic disease in which one of these proteins, IkBα, is mutated. The
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
mutation substantially alters the stability of the IkBα protein. In patients with this
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
disease, IkBα protein expression does not change in response to stimuli that
| | | | | | | | | | | |
cause IkBα degradation in healthy individuals. Consider the biological role of NF-
| | | | | | | | | | |
kB inhibitors. What are the most likely symptoms of this genetic defect? -
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Immunodeficiency with a susceptibility to bacterial
| | | | | | |
infections.
The complement pathway initiated by host proteins that bind to microbial sugars
| | | | | | | | | | | |
is called the ____________ pathway. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-lectin pathway
| | | | | | | |
ssRNA (single-stranded RNA) and dsDNA (double-stranded DNA) are present in
| | | | | | | | | |
mammalian cells. Why don't our plasmacytoid dendritic cells activate an innate
| | | | | | | | | | |
immune response against these self nucleic acids that are necessary for normal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
,cellular function? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The TLRs that recognize ssRNA and
| | | | | | | | | |
dsDNA are sequestered in endosomes.
| | | |
How can the antiviral state be propagated in the absence of immune cells? -
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Type I IFNs are produced by infected epithelial cells; this
| | | | | | | | | | |
induces anti-viral biochemical changes in the same cell and adjacent cells.
| | | | | | | | | |
A child presents with recurrent bacterial infections. Of the genetic defects
| | | | | | | | | | |
described below, what is the most likely cause of her disease? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-A mutation in the C3 gene that renders the C3 protein | | | | | | | | | | |
nonfunctional.
____________ is the process by which something that is not otherwise| | | | | | | | | | |
recognized as a pathogen is coated with proteins that make it more recognizable
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
to the immune system. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Opsonization
| | | | | |
The majority of the symptoms of tetanus infection are caused by the tetanus
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
toxins, chiefly tetanospasmin. Tetanospasmin is one of the deadliest toxins
| | | | | | | | | |
known; even very small doses (nanograms) can be lethal. It targets the nerves,
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
causing severe muscle spasms. The tetanus vaccine consists of inactivated tetanus
| | | | | | | | | |
|toxin; the vaccine is highly effective for preventing tetanus. Inoculation with the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
tetanus vaccine leads to the production of protective antibodies. How do these
| | | | | | | | | | | |
antibodies prevent tetanus? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Neutralization
| | | | |
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an extracellular bacterium that is a leading cause of
| | | | | | | | | | |
bacterial pneumonia and meningitis, particularly in children and the elderly.
| | | | | | | | | | |
Fortunately, most cases of S. pneumoniae can be prevented with a vaccine that
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
contains components of the bacterial capsule. The vaccine is known to lead to the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
production of antibodies that recognize intact bacteria.
| | | | | | |
, What are the most likely mechanisms activated by these antibodies that result in
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
protection against S. pneumoniaeinfection? (select two answers) - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-The key is that S. pneumoniae is an extracellular bacterium. The | | | | | | | | | | |
vaccine elicits a humoral immune response, which generates antibodies that bind
| | | | | | | | | | |
to the surface of the bacterium. The antibodies bound to bacteria can activate
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
complement (direct killing of the bacteria) and opsonization followed by
| | | | | | | | | |
phagocytosis. ADCC is usually directed against viral proteins displayed on the
| | | | | | | | | | |
surface of cells. It is conceivable that antibodies could neutralize the function of
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
bacterial components, but direct killing by complement and phagocytosis are the
| | | | | | | | | | |
best-characterized mechanisms for eliminating extracellular bacteria. | | | | |
There is strong interest in developing a vaccine that would prevent human
| | | | | | | | | | | |
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or substantially reduce viral loads in a | | | | | | | | | | |
person with HIV. HIV infects immune cells by binding to a receptor called CD4 on
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
the surface of those cells. Laboratory studies have identified rare antibodies that
| | | | | | | | | | | |
bind to intact HIV viral particles and effectively control the virus in certain
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
individuals. Structural studies revealed that some of these antibodies bind to a
| | | | | | | | | | | |
protein on the surface of HIV at the same location where this protein binds to
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CD4.
What is the most likely mechanism of action of these antibodies? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-Neutralization
How many distinct peptide chains are found in a single molecule of IgG? -
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Each IgG antibody is comprised of two heavy chain and
| | | | | | | | | | |
two light chain peptide chains joined by disulfide bridges.
| | | | | | | |
How many distinct binding sites are found in a single molecule of IgG? - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-Two
