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RADR 2331 Exam 1 Review Q&A 300+ Questions – Urinary System Urography Contrast Media Positioning

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This document provides a comprehensive collection of over 300 exam-style questions with fully correct answers for RADR 2331 Exam 1 Review, covering the urinary system, radiographic procedures, contrast media, trauma imaging, and positioning techniques. It is designed as a complete study guide to support both theoretical knowledge and clinical application in radiography. The material begins with foundational anatomy and physiology of the urinary system, including kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, along with their structure, function, and positioning (pages 1–4). It details key anatomical relationships such as kidney location (T11–L3), retroperitoneal structures, nephron function, and urine formation processes (pages 4–5) . It also covers urinary system pathologies such as nephroptosis, hydronephrosis, renal calculi, and congenital abnormalities, providing strong clinical context. A major portion of the document focuses on radiographic procedures and contrast media, including intravenous urography (IVU), retrograde urography, cystography, and voiding cystourethrography (pages 10–15). It includes detailed explanations of contrast types (ionic vs nonionic), administration methods (bolus vs drip), venipuncture techniques, and patient safety considerations such as reactions, premedication, and contraindications (pages 8–13). The document also emphasizes laboratory values (BUN, creatinine) and medication considerations (e.g., Metformin use), which are critical for safe imaging practice. Additionally, the content extensively covers radiographic positioning and trauma imaging, including CR angles, obliques, decubitus positions, and projections for various body parts (pages 23–27). It also includes orthopedic concepts such as fracture types (e.g., Colles, Smith, comminuted, greenstick), alignment terminology, and surgical procedures (e.g., laminectomy, spinal fusion, hip replacement) (pages 18–22). Radiation protection principles (time, distance, shielding) and mobile imaging techniques (C-arm usage, exposure considerations) are also integrated, making the document highly comprehensive. The content aligns closely with standard textbooks such as Bontrager’s Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy, Radiographic Imaging and Exposure by Terri L. Fauber, and Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care by Arlene M. Adler and Richard R. Carlton. It is particularly suitable for students enrolled in Radiologic Technology (RADR2331), Medical Imaging, and Radiography programs. This document is ideal for radiography students, imaging students, nursing students, and allied health learners preparing for exams, lab assessments, or registry-level examinations such as ARRT. Keywords: urinary system anatomy, kidneys ureters bladder, urography procedures, intravenous urography, contrast media radiography, ionic nonionic contrast, venipuncture techniques, hydronephrosis nephroptosis, renal calculi, urinary pathology, radiographic positioning, CR angles radiography, trauma imaging, fracture types radiography, c arm imaging, radiation protection principles, BUN creatinine values, radiography exam prep

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Institution
RADR 2331
Course
RADR 2331

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RADR 2331 Exam 1 Review 2026
Exam Questions and Correct
Answers | New Update



Which kidney sits lower and why? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Right Kidney & due to

the liver being on the right side


What organs make up the Urinary System? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔2 kidneys, 2

Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra

What glands are located in the fatty capsule that surrounds each kidney? -

🧠ANSWER ✔✔Adrenal Glands

,Is the Urethra longer in males or females? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Male


T/F: The fatty capsule that surrounds the kidneys allows the visualization of

the kidneys on a plane abdominal radiograph - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔True


What structure serves as a reservoir that stores urine until it can be

eliminated? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Urinary Bladder


Which kidney is positioned more posterior to the lower portion of the liver? -

🧠ANSWER ✔✔Right Kidney


Which kidney is positioned more posterior to the inferior border of the

spleen? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Left Kidney


What are the Retroperitoneal Structures of the Urinary System? -

🧠ANSWER ✔✔Kidneys & Ureters


Are the Ureters anterior or posterior to its respective kidney? - 🧠ANSWER

✔✔Anterior


What are the Infraperitoneal Structures of the Urinary System? -

🧠ANSWER ✔✔Distal Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra


Ureters follow the natural curve of what structure of the body? - 🧠ANSWER

✔✔Vertebral Column

,How much obliquity is needed on the body from the Midsagittal Plane to put

the kidneys into a true lateral? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔20 degrees


How much obliquity is needed on the body from the Midcoronal Plane to

put the kidneys into a true lateral? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔30 degrees


Due to the kidneys rotating backwards naturally, the medial border of each

kidney is more ______ than the lateral border - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Anterior


Which kidney is visualized in an LPO position? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Right


Which kidney is visualized in an RPO position? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Left


Which ureter is visualized in an RPO position? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Right


Which ureter is visualized in an LPO position? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Left


What vertebrae level are the kidneys located at? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔T11-T12

to L3

Between what landmarks are the kidneys located at? - 🧠ANSWER

✔✔Halfway between. Xiphoid Process & Iliac Crest


A downward displacement or dropping of a kidney (also called Floating

Kidney or Renal Ptosis) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Nephroptosis


3
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, What are the primary functions of the Urinary System? - 🧠ANSWER

✔✔1,2,3


Buildup of nitrogenous wastes in the blood - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Uremia


Buildup of nitrogenous wastes in the blood could indicate - 🧠ANSWER

✔✔Renal Dysfunction


A centrally located longitudinal fissure that serves to transmit the renal

artery, renal vein, lymphatic, nerves, and ureter - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Hilum


At rest, how much blood is pumped from the heart and passes through the

kidneys with each beat? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔25%


Arterial blood is received by the kidneys directly from the - 🧠ANSWER

✔✔Abdominal Aorta


The good returns to the right side of the heart via - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Inferior

Vena Cava

What is the order of the Collecting System of the Kidney? - 🧠ANSWER

✔✔Nephrons, Renal Pyramids, Renal Papilla, Minor Calyces, Major

Calyces, Renal Pelvis, Ureter
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