Rasmussen College MDC 3 FINAL Exam |
100% Correct Answers | Latest Version
(2026 Edition) | 100% Pass
• Cardiovascular disease is the -✓✓leading cause of death in the US
• Anatomy of the heart -✓✓fist size organ and pumps approx: *60ml
with each beat and 5L every minute* (can be increased when demand
increases)
• Blood flow steps of the heart -✓✓1. Right atrium receives
deoxygenated blood from superior inferior vena cava
2. right ventricle received blood via the trcupsid valve
3. right ventricle contracts and pumps blood through the pulmonic valve
into the pulmonary arter for gas exchange
4. left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
5. left ventricle receives blood via the mitral valve
6. the left ventricle contracts and pumps blood to the body via the aortic
valve
• Age related changes -✓✓-cardiac valves
-conduction system
-left ventricle
-aortic & other large arteries
-Baroreceptors
• How do the cardiac valves change with increased age? -✓✓-murmurs
appear
-valvular abnormalities result in rhythm changes
• How does the conduction system change with increased age? -✓✓-
Pacemaker cell decreases (the regulator of the heart)
,-Fibrous tissue & SA node increase (the heart gets thicker)
-Decrease muscle fibers in atrial myocardium and bundle of His
-Conduction time increases (bradycardia possible)
• How does the left ventricle change with age? -✓✓-size increases
(cardiomyopathy)
-walls s tiffen (stroke volume and ejection fraction decrease)
-Fibrotic changes happen (filling speed is decreased and less able to
increase cardiac output activity)
• How does the aorta and large arteries change with age? -✓✓walls
thicken and stiffen (*main responsibility of hypertension in older
adults*)
• How do the baroreceptors work? -✓✓They have a set point that the
blood pressure should be at and make changes to the heart rate to change
the blood pressure.
• How do the baroreceptors change in age? -✓✓they become less
sensitive bc they are responsible for knowing when to increase or
decrease the flow of blood based on the increase or decrease of
movement they are responsible for *orthostatic changes which lead to
increased dizziness and fainting*
• Remember that systole is _____ and distole is _______ -✓✓-systole is
CARDIAC CONTRACTION
-distole is CARDIAC FILLING
• Cycle of the heart -✓✓-passive filling of ventricles & atria (diastole)
-Atrial contraction (artial systole) *P wave*
-Ventricular ejection (ventricular systole)
• *Cardiac output =* -✓✓*heart rate x stroke volume*
, • *Normal CO range* (cardiac output) -✓✓*4-7 L/min*
• Stroke volume is -✓✓the amount of blood ejected during each
contraction impacted by preload, afterload, contractility, and HR
• stroke volume (preload) -✓✓how much the myocardial ventricle
STRETCHES (impacted by volume returning)
• stroke volume (afterload) -✓✓how much RESISTANCE the ventricle
must overcome to pump directly related to arterial blood pressure &
diameter of blood vessels
• Stroke volume (contractility) -✓✓how well the heart can constrict or
relax to ensure appropriate FORCE of contraction
• Blood pressure is -✓✓the force of blood exerted against the vessel wall
• Systolic BP -✓✓the amount of pressure during ventricular systole
• Diastolic BP -✓✓the amount of pressure remaining in the system
during diastole
• HEART FAILURE IS -✓✓PUMP FAILURE
• 3 major types of heart failure -✓✓-Left sided heart failure
-Right sided heart failure
-High output heart failure (least common)
• Left sided heart failure -✓✓*most common*
-ineffective left ventricular contraction causing back up to the
pulmonary system causing *pulmonary congestion*
100% Correct Answers | Latest Version
(2026 Edition) | 100% Pass
• Cardiovascular disease is the -✓✓leading cause of death in the US
• Anatomy of the heart -✓✓fist size organ and pumps approx: *60ml
with each beat and 5L every minute* (can be increased when demand
increases)
• Blood flow steps of the heart -✓✓1. Right atrium receives
deoxygenated blood from superior inferior vena cava
2. right ventricle received blood via the trcupsid valve
3. right ventricle contracts and pumps blood through the pulmonic valve
into the pulmonary arter for gas exchange
4. left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
5. left ventricle receives blood via the mitral valve
6. the left ventricle contracts and pumps blood to the body via the aortic
valve
• Age related changes -✓✓-cardiac valves
-conduction system
-left ventricle
-aortic & other large arteries
-Baroreceptors
• How do the cardiac valves change with increased age? -✓✓-murmurs
appear
-valvular abnormalities result in rhythm changes
• How does the conduction system change with increased age? -✓✓-
Pacemaker cell decreases (the regulator of the heart)
,-Fibrous tissue & SA node increase (the heart gets thicker)
-Decrease muscle fibers in atrial myocardium and bundle of His
-Conduction time increases (bradycardia possible)
• How does the left ventricle change with age? -✓✓-size increases
(cardiomyopathy)
-walls s tiffen (stroke volume and ejection fraction decrease)
-Fibrotic changes happen (filling speed is decreased and less able to
increase cardiac output activity)
• How does the aorta and large arteries change with age? -✓✓walls
thicken and stiffen (*main responsibility of hypertension in older
adults*)
• How do the baroreceptors work? -✓✓They have a set point that the
blood pressure should be at and make changes to the heart rate to change
the blood pressure.
• How do the baroreceptors change in age? -✓✓they become less
sensitive bc they are responsible for knowing when to increase or
decrease the flow of blood based on the increase or decrease of
movement they are responsible for *orthostatic changes which lead to
increased dizziness and fainting*
• Remember that systole is _____ and distole is _______ -✓✓-systole is
CARDIAC CONTRACTION
-distole is CARDIAC FILLING
• Cycle of the heart -✓✓-passive filling of ventricles & atria (diastole)
-Atrial contraction (artial systole) *P wave*
-Ventricular ejection (ventricular systole)
• *Cardiac output =* -✓✓*heart rate x stroke volume*
, • *Normal CO range* (cardiac output) -✓✓*4-7 L/min*
• Stroke volume is -✓✓the amount of blood ejected during each
contraction impacted by preload, afterload, contractility, and HR
• stroke volume (preload) -✓✓how much the myocardial ventricle
STRETCHES (impacted by volume returning)
• stroke volume (afterload) -✓✓how much RESISTANCE the ventricle
must overcome to pump directly related to arterial blood pressure &
diameter of blood vessels
• Stroke volume (contractility) -✓✓how well the heart can constrict or
relax to ensure appropriate FORCE of contraction
• Blood pressure is -✓✓the force of blood exerted against the vessel wall
• Systolic BP -✓✓the amount of pressure during ventricular systole
• Diastolic BP -✓✓the amount of pressure remaining in the system
during diastole
• HEART FAILURE IS -✓✓PUMP FAILURE
• 3 major types of heart failure -✓✓-Left sided heart failure
-Right sided heart failure
-High output heart failure (least common)
• Left sided heart failure -✓✓*most common*
-ineffective left ventricular contraction causing back up to the
pulmonary system causing *pulmonary congestion*
