PHAR 370 FINAL COMPLETE 683 QUESTIONS
AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS
\.Pharmacology - ANSWERS✔-The study of substances that affect or alter living
systems through chemical processes. Systems are usually affected by increasing or
decreasing activity of regulatory processes within the living system
\.Drug - ANSWERS✔-Any substance received by biological system that is not
received for nutritive purposes
\.What are the two divisions of pharmacology? - ANSWERS✔-Pharmacodynamics
and Pharmacokinetics
\.What is Pharmacodynamics - ANSWERS✔-What a drug does to the body
\.What is Pharmacokinetics - ANSWERS✔-The study of drug absorption,
distribution metabolism, and excretion as a function of time.
\.What are the two responses drugs are administered to achieve? - ANSWERS✔-1.
Beneficial effect on an individual
2. Exert a toxic effect on an individual (antibiotics)
,\.What are endogenous ligands? - ANSWERS✔-Substances usually found in the
body like hormones and neurotransmitters
\.What are the four types of receptors? - ANSWERS✔-Regulatory proteins,
transporters, enzymes, and structural proteins
\.What are regulatory proteins? - ANSWERS✔-Proteins that mediate the actions of
endogenous chemical signals. Generally mediate transmembrane signaling
\.What is signal transduction? - ANSWERS✔-When a ligand/drug bind and activate
its receptor, which then triggers other biochemical events resulting in
pharmacological effect.
\.What are four common signaling mechanisms for a regulatory protein? -
ANSWERS✔-Regulated transmembrane enzymes, ligand gated ion channels, G-
protein coupled receptor, and intracellular receptors
\.What are regulated transmembrane enzymes? - ANSWERS✔-Receptors that
activate an enzyme inside the cell when an endogenous ligand or drug binds.
\.What happens when regulated transmembrane enzymes are activated? -
ANSWERS✔-When activated are called protein kinases, these phosphorylate and
activate a cascade of biochemical events
,\.What are ligand gated ion channels as receptors - ANSWERS✔-Regulatory
proteins that transport ions across the cell membrane when an endogenous ligand
or drug binds to the receptor.
\.How do ligand gated ion channels work? - ANSWERS✔-When a ligand/drug binds
it undergoes conformational change in the channel to open it
\.What type of mechanism is the nicotinic receptor? - ANSWERS✔-Ligand gated
ion channel
\.What does the nicotinic receptor do? - ANSWERS✔-Ach binds to the receptor in
the muscle causing the channel to open. It increases Na conc. and the muscle
membrane depolarizes and the contraction happens quickly.
\.What are g-protein coupled receptors? - ANSWERS✔-Receptors that undergo a
conformation change when an endogenous ligand or drug binds, activating a
second messenger system.
\.What does the g-protein coupled receptor do? - ANSWERS✔-When a drug binds
to it, it changed shape which activates the g-protein. This activates a secondary
messenger that activates the enzyme of ion channel that results in an effect.
\.What are intracellular receptors? - ANSWERS✔-Receptors that move into the
nucleus when bound to an endogenous ligand or drug, increasing drug expression
, \.What are examples of intracellular receptors? - ANSWERS✔-Steroid and thyroid
hormones
\.What are transporters? - ANSWERS✔-Receptor proteins that transport
endogenous substances across cell membranes, drugs that target transporters
often inhibit their function
\.Example of a transporter - ANSWERS✔-SSRIs block the transporter responsible
for removing serotonin
\.What are enzymes? - ANSWERS✔-Protein catalyze a biological reaction, frugs for
enzymes often inhibit function
\.Example of an enzyme - ANSWERS✔-Cholesterol drugs inhibit HMG-CoA
reductase (syntesizes cholesterol).
\.What are structural proteins - ANSWERS✔-Proteins that contribute to the cell
structure, drugs will disrupt this function
\.Example of structural proteins - ANSWERS✔-Anticancer drugs bind to
microtubules and inhibit spindle formation, stopping cell division
\.What are drugs not mediated by receptors - ANSWERS✔-Antiacids and drugs for
chemotherapy
AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS
\.Pharmacology - ANSWERS✔-The study of substances that affect or alter living
systems through chemical processes. Systems are usually affected by increasing or
decreasing activity of regulatory processes within the living system
\.Drug - ANSWERS✔-Any substance received by biological system that is not
received for nutritive purposes
\.What are the two divisions of pharmacology? - ANSWERS✔-Pharmacodynamics
and Pharmacokinetics
\.What is Pharmacodynamics - ANSWERS✔-What a drug does to the body
\.What is Pharmacokinetics - ANSWERS✔-The study of drug absorption,
distribution metabolism, and excretion as a function of time.
\.What are the two responses drugs are administered to achieve? - ANSWERS✔-1.
Beneficial effect on an individual
2. Exert a toxic effect on an individual (antibiotics)
,\.What are endogenous ligands? - ANSWERS✔-Substances usually found in the
body like hormones and neurotransmitters
\.What are the four types of receptors? - ANSWERS✔-Regulatory proteins,
transporters, enzymes, and structural proteins
\.What are regulatory proteins? - ANSWERS✔-Proteins that mediate the actions of
endogenous chemical signals. Generally mediate transmembrane signaling
\.What is signal transduction? - ANSWERS✔-When a ligand/drug bind and activate
its receptor, which then triggers other biochemical events resulting in
pharmacological effect.
\.What are four common signaling mechanisms for a regulatory protein? -
ANSWERS✔-Regulated transmembrane enzymes, ligand gated ion channels, G-
protein coupled receptor, and intracellular receptors
\.What are regulated transmembrane enzymes? - ANSWERS✔-Receptors that
activate an enzyme inside the cell when an endogenous ligand or drug binds.
\.What happens when regulated transmembrane enzymes are activated? -
ANSWERS✔-When activated are called protein kinases, these phosphorylate and
activate a cascade of biochemical events
,\.What are ligand gated ion channels as receptors - ANSWERS✔-Regulatory
proteins that transport ions across the cell membrane when an endogenous ligand
or drug binds to the receptor.
\.How do ligand gated ion channels work? - ANSWERS✔-When a ligand/drug binds
it undergoes conformational change in the channel to open it
\.What type of mechanism is the nicotinic receptor? - ANSWERS✔-Ligand gated
ion channel
\.What does the nicotinic receptor do? - ANSWERS✔-Ach binds to the receptor in
the muscle causing the channel to open. It increases Na conc. and the muscle
membrane depolarizes and the contraction happens quickly.
\.What are g-protein coupled receptors? - ANSWERS✔-Receptors that undergo a
conformation change when an endogenous ligand or drug binds, activating a
second messenger system.
\.What does the g-protein coupled receptor do? - ANSWERS✔-When a drug binds
to it, it changed shape which activates the g-protein. This activates a secondary
messenger that activates the enzyme of ion channel that results in an effect.
\.What are intracellular receptors? - ANSWERS✔-Receptors that move into the
nucleus when bound to an endogenous ligand or drug, increasing drug expression
, \.What are examples of intracellular receptors? - ANSWERS✔-Steroid and thyroid
hormones
\.What are transporters? - ANSWERS✔-Receptor proteins that transport
endogenous substances across cell membranes, drugs that target transporters
often inhibit their function
\.Example of a transporter - ANSWERS✔-SSRIs block the transporter responsible
for removing serotonin
\.What are enzymes? - ANSWERS✔-Protein catalyze a biological reaction, frugs for
enzymes often inhibit function
\.Example of an enzyme - ANSWERS✔-Cholesterol drugs inhibit HMG-CoA
reductase (syntesizes cholesterol).
\.What are structural proteins - ANSWERS✔-Proteins that contribute to the cell
structure, drugs will disrupt this function
\.Example of structural proteins - ANSWERS✔-Anticancer drugs bind to
microtubules and inhibit spindle formation, stopping cell division
\.What are drugs not mediated by receptors - ANSWERS✔-Antiacids and drugs for
chemotherapy
