UMN BIO 1009 Exam 1 Questions And Answers All Correct Graded A+

Emergent Properties - correct answers novel properties that emerge at one level of hierarchical organizations that are not present at the level immediately below. Darwin's Premise for the Theory of Evolution - correct answers 1. Organisms are product of common descent. 2. New species generated by gradual change. 3. Change brought about by differences in reproductive success of individuals. hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen - correct answers All organisms are made up of? Matter - correct answers Anything that takes space and has mass. Element - correct answers Basic substance that can not be divided into a simpler substance by chemical reactions. iron, zinc, copper, iodine, boron, chromium, fluorine, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium - correct answers What are some trace elements? Goiter - correct answers A deficiency of iodine causes the thyroid to grow abnormally large producing a condition called? Isotopes - correct answers Atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons. Molecule - correct answers Any substance composed of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Molecular Compound - correct answers Any substance composed of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio by covalent bonds. Covalent Bonds - correct answers Chemical bonding between two non metallic atoms in which they equally share electrons. Non polar Covalent - correct answers Covalent bond where the sharing of electrons is equal. Polar Covalent - correct answers Covalent bond where the sharing of electrons is unequal. Ionic Bond - correct answers When a more electronegative atom completely strips away a valence electron form a partner atom. Hydrogen Bond (HNOF) - correct answers A weak bond formed when a hydrogen atom, covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom. Van Der Waals Interaction - correct answers Interactions between molecules at regions of negative or positive charge, charges are due to the momentary asymmetric distribution of electrons in the molecular structure. pH - correct answers Defines the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. Acids increase the [H+] in the solution, bases reduce the [H+] in the solution. - correct answers Do acids increase or decrease the amount of [H+] in the solution? Buffer - correct answers A substance that helps keep the pH of a solution constant. Polar - correct answers Is water a nonpolar or polar molecule? the Hydrogen bonding - correct answers Where do the emergent properties of water arise from? 1. Cohesion: water sticks to itself. 2. Adhesion: water sticks to other things. 3. H2O moderates the temperature (high specific heat, high heat of vaporization). 4. Ice floats on liquid water, ice is less dense than water. 5. A very versatile solvent. - correct answers What are the emergent properties of water? Organic Chemistry - correct answers The study of compounds that contain carbon. Geometric Isomers - correct answers Same kind and number of covalent bonds, but in different spatial arrangements. Monomers - correct answers What buildings blocks build together to make polymers? Monosaccharides - correct answers Carbohydrates monomers Amino Acids - correct answers Proteins monomers Nucleotide - correct answers RNA and DNA monomers Condensation (dehydration) - correct answers Reactions covalently link two molecules together with the release of a water molecule. Hydrolysis - correct answers Reactions break a covalent bond with the addition of a water molecule. Cellular respiration, energy storage, cell wall, exoskeleton. - correct answers What are some function of carbohydrates? Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose Disaccharides: sucrose Polysaccharides: starch (fuel storage molecule of plant cells), cellulose (structural component of plant cell walls), chitin (fungal cell wall), glycogen (fuel storage molecule in animal cells) - correct answers What are some of the structures of carbohydrates? Transport and storage, enzymes and structural components, contractile molecules and hormones, defensive and signal receptors, gene regulation and toxins. - correct answers What are some functions of proteins? Amino acids: amino group, carboxylic acid group, hydrogen, R group Dipeptide: peptide bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of a second amino acid Polypeptide: contains several amino acids joined by peptide bonds - correct answers What are some of the structures of proteins? Primary Structure: linear chain of amino acids Secondary Structure: alpha helix and beta pleated sheets (H-bonds) Tertiary Structure: three-dimensional structure (H-bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bridges) Quaternary Structure: two or more polypeptides/proteins associate - correct answers What are the different levels of structures of proteins? Protein Folding - correct answers Polypeptide spontaneously folds after being released from the ribosome. Chaperonins - correct answers What aids by providing a hydrophilic environment that is conductive to the protein folding properly. Storage, replication and translation of genetic information and energy carrying coenzymes (ATP). - correct answers What are some functions of Nucleic Acid? Nucleotide: nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate Dinucleotide: two nucleotides joined by a phosphodiester bond (a type of covalent bond) in a condensation reaction. Polynucleotide: several nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds. - correct answers What are some of the structures of nucleic acids? Energy storage, structural components of membranes, protection, hormones, vitamins. - correct answers What are some functions of lipids? Fatty acids: saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon tail (hydrophobic), polar (hydrophilic) head. Triacylglycerols: three fatty acids plus glycerol, fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated. Phospholipids: fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate and R group contains a polar head and a nonpolar tail. Steroids: fatty acid tail with a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings, different functional groups are attached to the rings. - correct answers What are some of the structures of lipids? Domain Bacteria (eubacteria, prokaryotes). Cyanobacteria: photosynthesizing bacteria - correct answers What are the most known pathogenic prokaryotes? Protists, fungi, animals, plants - correct answers What are some types of domain eukarya (eukaryotes)? extreme halophiles (high salt) and extreme thermophiles (high temperature) - correct answers Where do domain archaea (archaebacteria, prokaryotes) tend to live? Prokaryotes - correct answers Cell with no membrane-bound nucleus; no membrane-bound organelles. Spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), and spirals or helical (spirilla) - correct answers What are different types of cell shapes?