INTRODUCTION TO LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR
BY RUSSELL A. POWELL ACTUAL TEST PAPER
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ 2. The concept that individuals or species that are capable of
adapting to environmental pressures are more likely to reproduce
and pass along their adaptive characteristics than those that cannot
adapt is called _____.
a. inheritanc
b. functionalism
c. natural selection
d. Darwinism Answer: C
◉ 3. Who among the following behaviorists proposed the notion of
reciprocal determinism?
a. B. F. Skinner
b. Clark Hull
c. Edward Tolman
d. Albert Bandura Answer: D
,◉ 4. When we look for causal relationships between thoughts and
behaviors, we need to recognize that thoughts and feelings
sometimes:
a. follow a behavior.
b. precede a behavior.
c. occur parallel to the behavior.
d. All of these are correct. Answer: D
◉ 5. A mental representation of one's spatial surroundings is a _____.
a. spatial mentation
b. spatial cognition
c. cognitive map
d. spatial heuristic Answer: C
◉ 6. When I visited Paris for a conference, I spent the first few days
just wandering the streets. On the third day, when I had to meet a
friend at the Louvre museum, I knew exactly how to get there. This is
best described as an example of _____ learning.
a. delayed
b. S-R
c. latent
d. observational Answer: C
,◉ 7. Who among the following individuals is most likely a
behaviorist?
a. Amir believes that the existence of internal events can be inferred
using intervening variables.
b. Herman believes that psychological processes should be
approached from a molar, holistic perspective.
c. Abigail believes that the method of introspection is highly
unreliable to study human psychology.
d. Angelina believes that internal events, observable behavior, and
environmental factors interact with each other. Answer: C
◉ 8. In the method of _____, the subjects in an experiment try to
accurately describe their inner thoughts and emotions.
a. attentive vigilance
b. cognitive mapping
c. introspection
d. introversion Answer: C
◉ . Skinner observed that when parents teach children to label
internal events, they:
a. can only make inferences about what the children are actually
feeling.
b. pay too little attention to this type of training.
c. often punish children for inaccurately describing their feelings.
, d. Both b and c are correct. Answer: A
◉ 10. Operant conditioning is a sort of mini-evolution of an
organism's behaviors in the sense that _____ responses become more
frequent while _____ responses become less frequent
a. nonadaptive; adaptive
b. adaptive; nonadaptive
c. reflexive; operant
d. operant; reflexive Answer: B
◉ 11. Edward Tolman's "molar" approach to behaviorism was
inspired by the _____ approach of _____.
a. holistic; Gestalt theorists
b. molecular; Hull
c. introspective; Titchener
d. methodological; Watson Answer: A
◉ 12. Which of the following statements is true of Skinner's
daughter?
a. She grew up in an experimental chamber.
b. She became mentally ill.
c. Both a and b are correct.
d. Neither a nor b is correct. Answer: D
BY RUSSELL A. POWELL ACTUAL TEST PAPER
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ 2. The concept that individuals or species that are capable of
adapting to environmental pressures are more likely to reproduce
and pass along their adaptive characteristics than those that cannot
adapt is called _____.
a. inheritanc
b. functionalism
c. natural selection
d. Darwinism Answer: C
◉ 3. Who among the following behaviorists proposed the notion of
reciprocal determinism?
a. B. F. Skinner
b. Clark Hull
c. Edward Tolman
d. Albert Bandura Answer: D
,◉ 4. When we look for causal relationships between thoughts and
behaviors, we need to recognize that thoughts and feelings
sometimes:
a. follow a behavior.
b. precede a behavior.
c. occur parallel to the behavior.
d. All of these are correct. Answer: D
◉ 5. A mental representation of one's spatial surroundings is a _____.
a. spatial mentation
b. spatial cognition
c. cognitive map
d. spatial heuristic Answer: C
◉ 6. When I visited Paris for a conference, I spent the first few days
just wandering the streets. On the third day, when I had to meet a
friend at the Louvre museum, I knew exactly how to get there. This is
best described as an example of _____ learning.
a. delayed
b. S-R
c. latent
d. observational Answer: C
,◉ 7. Who among the following individuals is most likely a
behaviorist?
a. Amir believes that the existence of internal events can be inferred
using intervening variables.
b. Herman believes that psychological processes should be
approached from a molar, holistic perspective.
c. Abigail believes that the method of introspection is highly
unreliable to study human psychology.
d. Angelina believes that internal events, observable behavior, and
environmental factors interact with each other. Answer: C
◉ 8. In the method of _____, the subjects in an experiment try to
accurately describe their inner thoughts and emotions.
a. attentive vigilance
b. cognitive mapping
c. introspection
d. introversion Answer: C
◉ . Skinner observed that when parents teach children to label
internal events, they:
a. can only make inferences about what the children are actually
feeling.
b. pay too little attention to this type of training.
c. often punish children for inaccurately describing their feelings.
, d. Both b and c are correct. Answer: A
◉ 10. Operant conditioning is a sort of mini-evolution of an
organism's behaviors in the sense that _____ responses become more
frequent while _____ responses become less frequent
a. nonadaptive; adaptive
b. adaptive; nonadaptive
c. reflexive; operant
d. operant; reflexive Answer: B
◉ 11. Edward Tolman's "molar" approach to behaviorism was
inspired by the _____ approach of _____.
a. holistic; Gestalt theorists
b. molecular; Hull
c. introspective; Titchener
d. methodological; Watson Answer: A
◉ 12. Which of the following statements is true of Skinner's
daughter?
a. She grew up in an experimental chamber.
b. She became mentally ill.
c. Both a and b are correct.
d. Neither a nor b is correct. Answer: D
