2
D313 OA Review Questions with accurate detailed || || || || || || ||
answers
Atrial Diastole ||
-both atria and ventricles are relaxed and repolarizing. blood enters the atria and the AV valves are
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
open. The SL valves are closed
|| || || || || ||
Atrial Systole ||
Begins with the P-wave. || || ||
-that atria contract, pushing remaining blood into the ventricles. AV valves are open and SL
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
valves are closed. Results in a preload or end diastolic volume of 130mL in the ventricles
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Ventricular Systole ||
Begins with the QRS complex || || || ||
Occurs during Atrial Diastole || || ||
Stage 1: pressure increases and the AV valves (tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral valves) close. All
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
valves are now closed causing volume to remain the same. This is isovolumetric contraction
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Stage 2: Pressure increases to the point that the semi-lunar valves (pulmonary and aortic valves)
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
open. Blood is then forced into the pulmonary artery and aorta. this is called ventricular ejection.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
The blood that is pumped is the Stroke volume- 70-80mL. The remaining blood is called the End
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Diastolic Volume- 50-60 mL || || ||
,2
ventricular diastole ||
Occurs during atrial diastole and atrial systole
|| || || || || ||
Begins with the T-wave. || || ||
Early- isovolumetric relaxation;
|| ||
Late- verticular filling;
|| ||
-both ventricles are empty and are no longer contracting. They are repolarizing. T-Wave.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
-pressure is higher in the pulmonary artery and aorta f/t receiving blood from the ventricles,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
causing the semi-lunar valves (pulmonary and aortic valves) to close. The AV valves (tricuspid
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and bicuspid/mitral valves) are also closed d/t not enough pressure from the Atria, this causes
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
isovolumetric relaxation. ||
Preload or End Diastolic Volume|| || || ||
amount of blood in ventricle before it contracts
|| || || || || || ||
Afterload
The force or resistance against which the heart pumps.
|| || || || || || || ||
capillary exchange mechanisms || ||
-diffusion
-bulk flow: filtration and absorption of large amounts of substances
|| || || || || || || || ||
-Vesicle Transport or transcytosis: endocytosis and exocytosis of lipid insoluble substances
|| || || || || || || || || ||
, 2
Pressures determining Bulk flow || || ||
-Blood hydrostatic pressure- pressure generated by pumping action of heart; pushes fluid out of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
capillaries into interstitial fluid, promoting filtration. || || || || ||
-Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure- pressure of the interstitial fluid surrounding cells pushing
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
fluid from interstitial spaces back into capillaries. Opposes BHP and promotes reabsorption.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
-Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure- proteins suspended ion plasma that are too large to pass
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
through fenestrations or intercellular clefts remain in capillaries, producing this force. Pulls fluid
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
from interstitial fluid into capillaries and promotes reabsorption.
|| || || || || || ||
-Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure- opposes BCOP, promoting filtration; it is the pressure that
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
pulls fluid from capillaries into interstitial fluid. The value is usually small d/t lack of large
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
proteins in ISF. || ||
Net Filtration Pressure
|| ||
-indicates the direction of bulk flow || || || || ||
-Can be calculated using: NFP = (BHP + IFOP) - (BCOP + IFHP)
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
NFP: net filtration pressure
|| || ||
BHP: blood hydrostatic pressure
|| || ||
IFOP: interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
|| || || ||
BCOP: blood colloid osmotic pressure
|| || || ||
IFHP: interstitial hydrostatic pressure
|| || ||
D313 OA Review Questions with accurate detailed || || || || || || ||
answers
Atrial Diastole ||
-both atria and ventricles are relaxed and repolarizing. blood enters the atria and the AV valves are
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
open. The SL valves are closed
|| || || || || ||
Atrial Systole ||
Begins with the P-wave. || || ||
-that atria contract, pushing remaining blood into the ventricles. AV valves are open and SL
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
valves are closed. Results in a preload or end diastolic volume of 130mL in the ventricles
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Ventricular Systole ||
Begins with the QRS complex || || || ||
Occurs during Atrial Diastole || || ||
Stage 1: pressure increases and the AV valves (tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral valves) close. All
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
valves are now closed causing volume to remain the same. This is isovolumetric contraction
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Stage 2: Pressure increases to the point that the semi-lunar valves (pulmonary and aortic valves)
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
open. Blood is then forced into the pulmonary artery and aorta. this is called ventricular ejection.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
The blood that is pumped is the Stroke volume- 70-80mL. The remaining blood is called the End
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Diastolic Volume- 50-60 mL || || ||
,2
ventricular diastole ||
Occurs during atrial diastole and atrial systole
|| || || || || ||
Begins with the T-wave. || || ||
Early- isovolumetric relaxation;
|| ||
Late- verticular filling;
|| ||
-both ventricles are empty and are no longer contracting. They are repolarizing. T-Wave.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
-pressure is higher in the pulmonary artery and aorta f/t receiving blood from the ventricles,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
causing the semi-lunar valves (pulmonary and aortic valves) to close. The AV valves (tricuspid
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and bicuspid/mitral valves) are also closed d/t not enough pressure from the Atria, this causes
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
isovolumetric relaxation. ||
Preload or End Diastolic Volume|| || || ||
amount of blood in ventricle before it contracts
|| || || || || || ||
Afterload
The force or resistance against which the heart pumps.
|| || || || || || || ||
capillary exchange mechanisms || ||
-diffusion
-bulk flow: filtration and absorption of large amounts of substances
|| || || || || || || || ||
-Vesicle Transport or transcytosis: endocytosis and exocytosis of lipid insoluble substances
|| || || || || || || || || ||
, 2
Pressures determining Bulk flow || || ||
-Blood hydrostatic pressure- pressure generated by pumping action of heart; pushes fluid out of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
capillaries into interstitial fluid, promoting filtration. || || || || ||
-Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure- pressure of the interstitial fluid surrounding cells pushing
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
fluid from interstitial spaces back into capillaries. Opposes BHP and promotes reabsorption.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
-Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure- proteins suspended ion plasma that are too large to pass
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
through fenestrations or intercellular clefts remain in capillaries, producing this force. Pulls fluid
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
from interstitial fluid into capillaries and promotes reabsorption.
|| || || || || || ||
-Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure- opposes BCOP, promoting filtration; it is the pressure that
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
pulls fluid from capillaries into interstitial fluid. The value is usually small d/t lack of large
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
proteins in ISF. || ||
Net Filtration Pressure
|| ||
-indicates the direction of bulk flow || || || || ||
-Can be calculated using: NFP = (BHP + IFOP) - (BCOP + IFHP)
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
NFP: net filtration pressure
|| || ||
BHP: blood hydrostatic pressure
|| || ||
IFOP: interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
|| || || ||
BCOP: blood colloid osmotic pressure
|| || || ||
IFHP: interstitial hydrostatic pressure
|| || ||
