ENV 101 Study Guide for Exam 100% correct.pdf

Chapter 11 Biodiversity Multiple Choice Questions 1. When Aldo Leopold said, "The first rule to intelligent tinkering is to save all the pieces." In terms of biodiversity he meant that we should A. Save records of all species that have disappeared B. Not interfere with the disappearance of species C. Not cause species to disappear D. Not interfere with nature E. Aldo Leopold did not intend to have this statement applied to biodiversity 2. We are usually referring to species diversity when we talk about biodiversity. However, genetic diversity is also important to ecological systems because diverse genes A. Increase the efficiency and productivity of a system because all niches are filled. B. Allow an individual organism to adapt to its changing environment. C. Are necessary for a population to evolve in a changing environment. D. Lead to diverse ecological processes in a biological community. E. Are important for a balanced ecosystem.3. Ecological diversity is a measure of the number of A. Different kinds of organisms within a community or ecosystem B. Different versions of the same gene in an ecological community C. Sizes, colors, and shapes of organisms within an ecological community D. Niches, trophic levels, and ecological processes of a biological community E. Different species in an ecosystem Use the following scenario: There are three ecological communities, each with differing species, but all of them have 100 individual plants and animals. Community A has 21 species. Of the 110 individuals, there are 50 individuals of one species and 3 each of the other 20 species. Community B has 11 species. Of the 110 individuals, there are 90 individuals of one species and 2 each of the other 10 species. Community C has 11 species. Of the 110 individuals, there are 10 individuals of each species. 4. In this scenario, which community has the highest species richness? A. Community A B. Community B C. Community C D. Community A and C are the same E. Community A and B are the same5. In this scenario, which communities have the same species evenness? A. Community A and C B. Community B and A C. Community C and B D. All three communities have the same species evenness E. None of the communities has the same species evenness 6. In this scenario, which communities have the same species richness? A. Community A and B B. Community A and C C. Community B and C D. All three communities have the same species richness E. None of the communities has the same species richness Use the following scenario: Your friend is upset because his conception of what a species has been challenged. His professor told him that there are some problems associated with the common way that a species is identified. Your friend learned what a species was while in high school and it was reinforced during his first year in college. He also refers to the third chapter in your environmental science book for this definition. Your friend wonders if this professor knows what she is talking about. You explain to him that there really are some problems associated with the common way that a species is defined and you think that this professor is correct.7. The common way that a species is defined in biology (the way it is defined in Chapter 3) is in terms of reproductive isolation. This means that all organisms that are similar enough to A. Produce fertile offspring in nature B. Look alike C. Fill the same niche D. Occupy the same community E. Live together 8. You also mentioned to your friend that a new tool, DNA sequencing technology, is radically changing the way species are identified. In fact, some groups that were originally thought to be far apart now seem to be closely related. Which of the following statements does not reflect the implications of using this new tool? A. This tool will end the debate of what is or is not a species B. This tool allows us to see how closely related species are in terms of their genetics C. This tool helps us better understand molecular evolution D. This tool helps us better understand how species actually originate E. This tool helps us judge genetic diversity9. Approximately how many species have been identified on Earth? A. About 500,000 B. A little less than 1 million C. A little more than 1.7 million D. A little more than 3 million E. About 30 million10. Where will you find the greatest concentration of different species? A. Europe B. Siberia C. the poles D. the tropics 11. What percentage of known species are invertebrates? A. 75% B. 50% C. 35% D. 65% 12. The total number of living species is probably A. About 450,000 B. Between 500,000 and 1 million C. Between 3 million and 50 million D. Between 75 and 95 million E. At least 300 million13. Most of the species that are yet undiscovered are probably A. Mammals and reptiles B. Birds and fish C. Vertebrates D. Invertebrates E. Multicellular plants14. One of the reasons humans rely heavily on only a few food crops is because A. We have not explored the cultivation of thousands of edible wild species. B. There are few edible wild species. C. We have already focused on the best tasting species for domestication and cultivation. D. It would be difficult for small farmers to cultivate the fragile wild species. E. All of these factors contribute to a heavy reliance on only a few species. 15. Which of the following drugs is NOT derived from a naturally occurring organism? A. Penicillin B. Aspirin C. Cortisone D. Morphine E. Tetracycline 16. An important drug for treating Hodgkin's disease was discovered in a periwinkle native to ______ and is valued at approximately _________ per year. A. New Guinea; $1–15 million B. Greenland; $200 million C. Madagascar; $150–300 million D. Sri Lanka; $150 million E. Costa Rica; $15 million17. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of biodiversity for humans? A. Ecological services B. Food C. Reducing air pollution D. Aesthetics E. Drugs and medicines 18. The pharmaceutical industry has an interest in preventing species extinction because A. People are healthier in a healthy environment. B. Undiscovered species may provide lucrative new drugs. C. Most taxonomists are drug makers. D. It wants to increase diversity in North America. E. They see the benefits of eco-design. 19. Soil formation and water purification are examples of _________ based on the biodiversity that benefit humans. A. Aesthetic benefits B. Geological cycles C. Availability of food D. Health benefits E. Ecological services20. Extinction is the term used when all members of a species A. Disappear in a locality B. Die C. Live in zoos D. Are threatened with imminent habitat loss E. Are in danger of disappearing in a locality 21. Which of the following statements is true? A. Humans may have been causing extinctions for thousands of years, but our impact has recently increased. B. Humans have never had significant impact on species extinctions until the past four decades. C. Humans only began causing extinctions in the past 150 years. D. Humans are responsible for many of the mass extinctions in the geologic record. 22. The largest contributing factor for the current high rate of animal extinctions is A. Uncontrolled sport hunting in the developed world B. Commercial harvesting of wildlife in Africa C. Drought conditions caused by the greenhouse effect D. Habitat destruction worldwide E. None of these by themselves cause high rates of animal extinctions, but together they combine to cause high rates23. The acronym that stands for habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, human population, and overharvesting is A. HIPHO B. HDIAPHPO C. HIPPO D. DIPPS E. None of these 24. Barred owls have become a threat to spotted owls because they A. Are smaller B. Have fewer predators C. Are more versatile in terms of habitat and diet D. Eat spotted owls E. Feed during the day 25. "Exotic" is another word for A. Tropical B. Foreign C. Rare D. Beautiful E. Desirable26. Which of the following would be a characteristic of an exotic plant species? A. Produces a few seeds after many years to reach maturity B. Is a specialist, for example, has a low range of tolerance for soil acidity C. Is an opportunist that is desired by humans for food or ornamental value D. Has many predators and diseases E. Is a secondary consumer (trophic levels) 27. Habitat fragmentation usually leads to a(n) A. Decrease in biodiversity B. Reduction in the number of introduced species C. Increase in biodiversity due to the isolated populations D. More stable environment 28. What makes an exotic species become and invasive species? A. When individuals stop being only ornamental but are used for other purposes also. B. When they become annoying to people. C. All exotic species are also invasive. D. When individuals begins to colonize new areas and out-compete native species.29. Invasive (exotic) species tend to __________ the balance of ecosystems and ______ biodiversity. A. Increase; decrease B. Increase; enhance C. Maintain; enhance D. Upset; decrease E. Upset; increase 30. Carp species were introduced to the United States A. As a food source B. To control aquatic vegetation and algae C. To increase angling opportunities D. From Africa E. For increased food production 31. Introduced disease causing organisms are especially dangerous to new environments because they can destroy the non-native host. This happens because the disease causing organisms A. Have not evolved with this host to achieve the normal balance for long-term survival B. Are opportunists and in order to survive must out compete all other species C. Are specialists and destroy the individual organisms that have not developed resistance D. Do not have natural predators E. Are generalists and highly competitive32. Which of the following is an example of a natural cause of extinction? A. Freshwater Great Lakes mussels that compete with the Zebra Mussel B. Genetic assimilation as in the case of the hybridization of gray wolves or black ducks with mallards C. The passenger pigeon that went extinct at the beginning of this century D. An insect species in the tropical forest that cannot escape predation by native bird species in the forest E. All of these are examples of a natural cause of extinction 33. It is clear that a heavy dose of pesticides or other toxic pollutants can kill species. However, chronic exposure to pollutants seems to cause recent high mortality in marine mammals by A. Decreasing the plants that are normally in their environment, such as kelp, that they use for shelter B. Killing off the prey species that they depend on for food C. Direct bioaccumulation of the chemicals, such as lead, in their tissues D. Causing weakened immune systems and increased vulnerability to infection E. Eventually killing them34. The U.S. Army participated in extermination of the American bison during the mid-1800s because A. The Army desperately needed meat B. The United States wanted the Great Plains free for agriculture C. The Army needed leather for shoes D. Native people depended on the bison for food and shelter E. None of these, the U.S. Army did not participate in extermination of the American bison35. The high rate of poaching of rhinoceros is due mostly to A. The belief in medicinal value of their horns for 'traditional' medicines B. Overharvesting for their meat and hide C. Introduction of exotic species that compete for their food D. Habitat destruction E. All of these have contributed equally to the decrease in the rhinoceros population 36. The main reason for continued trade in endangered species is A. A surplus of these species in their home countries B. Ruthless traders and collectors in tropical countries C. The need for international capital exchange in developing countries D. Pet lovers and collectors who like exotic species E. The presence of poachers in tropical countries 37. Which of the following statements about trade in endangered species is FALSE? A. The principal importers of endangered species are developed countries B. Coral reefs are not affected by the endangered species trade C. People who say they are animal lovers are the main contributors to the trade D. The principal exporters of endangered species are developing countries E. Up to 60 percent of birds die before reaching market38. Which of the following fish is safe and environmentally friendly to eat? A. Swordfish B. Wild salmon C. Albacore tuna D. Yellowfin tuna E. Haddock 39. If you have an aquarium with saltwater fish, 75 percent of your fish probably came from A. Captive breeding programs in the United States B. Captive breeding programs in Indonesia or the Philippines C. Wild fish populations caught with cyanide or nets D. Aquaculture programs in South Pacific countries E. Hybrid crosses of native U.S. fish 40. A species in imminent danger of extinction is classified by the U.S. Endangered Species Act as A. Vulnerable B. Threatened C. Valuable D. Endangered E. At risk41. A species that is naturally rare or that has been depleted to dangerous levels is known, according to the Endangered Species Act, as a(n) ________ species. A. Endangered B. Threatened C. Unusual D. Vulnerable E. At risk 42. A threatened species may be extinct or near extinction A. Already B. In the near future C. In certain localities D. Only in the distant future E. In most of their natural range 43. The main reason that there are relatively few invertebrates categorized as endangered species is because A. We consider other groups, such as mammals, to be more interesting and desirable B. Worldwide, there are relatively few invertebrates when compared to plants C. It is extremely difficult to identify and count invertebrates D. Since there are 532 invertebrates considered endangered, none of these is true E. Invertebrates are more numerous and the relative percentages are similar44. The objective of a species recovery plan is to A. Interbreed threatened species with common species B. Increase an endangered species population until it is no longer endangered C. Invest corporate capital in species maintenance D. Study the species for a better understanding of its role in the biological community E. Protect the species to aid other organisms and resources in the ecosystem 45. In general, funding for recovery programs is given to species that are A. In most danger B. Most important C. Most well known D. Most numerous E. Keystone species 46. The U.S. Endangered Species Act officially expired in A. 1973 B. 1950 C. 1988 D. 1905 E. . Conservationists and wildlife managers use gap analysis to A. Predict the next evolutionary change an organism will undergo B. Find unprotected landscapes that are rich in species C. Bring different managing agencies into closer accord D. Isolate and contain populations E. Establish connecting corridors 48. Which of the following is FALSE regarding CITES? A. When implemented properly it has provided foolproof protections of endangered species. B. It is an international organization. C. It lists more than 700 species as threatened with extinction. D. It was formed in 1975. E. All of these are true. True / False Questions 49. Species diversity in a community is an important factor in ecological resilience after a drought. TRUE50. Most of the tallgrass prairies in the U.S. remain untouched. FALSE 51. Kudzu vine was originally brought to the U.S. to control soil erosion. TRUE 52. Island ecosystems are extremely susceptible to invasive species. TRUE 53. Zoo animals in the U.S. today come mainly from the wild. FALSEEssay Questions 54. Using specific examples, discuss four ways that humans benefit from biodiversity. Should include some of the following, but may include others as well. 1) We have a large variety of food sources to choose from—all types of grains, starches, fruits, vegetables, seafood, and meat. 2) Pollinators provide us with many of our food sources, so they are also extremely important. They include birds, insects, and bats. 3) Bacteria and fungi provide us with many antibiotics. 4) Bacteria and fungi are also very beneficial as decomposers—cycling of nutrients. 5) Many plants have provided us with numerous drugs used to treat all types of diseases and illnesses. There are many discovered and undiscovered plants that may have medicinal potential. 6) Organisms provide us with ecological services that are invaluable to us—things like soil formation, water purification, production of oxygen, etc. 7) Organisms provide us with the opportunity for recreation—camping in a forest, fishing, horseback riding, etc. 8) Biodiversity can be economically beneficial. Many countries are now turning to ecotourism —making income by maintaining the natural environment for visitors to enjoy.55. Name at least three invasive species that live in your area. What are some of the problems they are causing? Is anything being done to control these species? Will vary depending upon the region you live in.