Assignment 2 Semester 1 2026
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Due Date: 2026
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, QUESTION 1
Long-term offenders
Long-term offenders spend many years inside correctional centres, and this shapes
their psychological, social and institutional needs in a deep way. Psychologically,
they often experience anxiety, loneliness and emotional withdrawal. Over time, many
become dependent on the strict routines of prison life and struggle to make
independent decisions. This process, known as institutionalisation, affects their
thinking, behaviour and sense of identity. Some also develop distrust of others and
lose confidence in themselves, which makes reintegration difficult (jonker, 2020).
Socially, long-term offenders are often separated from family and support systems
for many years. Relationships weaken or disappear due to distance, death or lack of
contact. This isolation increases feelings of disconnection from society. When they
are released, they may struggle to rebuild relationships or adjust to normal social life.
Institutionally, long-term offenders must cope with deprivation of freedom, privacy
and autonomy. Overcrowding and strict control systems can increase stress and
frustration. Their long stay means they are exposed to these conditions for extended
periods, which deepens the negative effects.
In terms of rehabilitation planning, long-term offenders require structured and
continuous programmes. These include psychological support, life skills training,
education and work opportunities. Rehabilitation must focus on restoring
independence, rebuilding identity and preparing them gradually for reintegration.
Long-term planning is important because there is enough time to implement
meaningful interventions. Without proper support, these offenders may leave prison
unable to cope in society, which increases the risk of reoffending (jonker, 2020).
Short-term offenders
Short-term offenders serve shorter sentences, but they present different challenges.
Psychologically, they often have immediate needs such as substance abuse
problems, poor decision-making skills and negative attitudes. However, because
their stay is short, there is little time to address these issues properly. Many leave
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