HLT 306V summary questions and answers

Stages of Life Essay and Interview KENYATTA UNIVERSITY: HLT-306V APRIL 23RD ,2020 Stages of Life Essay and Interview Interviewer: Having lived for 76 years, which stage of your life did you find difficult to cope with illness? Interviewee: I have found my old age period being with a lot of challenges when coping with diseases and illness as compared to when I was young. Interviewer: Do you feel that your stage-of-life had any effect on your interaction with health care professional? Interviews: yes, because most of the health care profession are young and they seem to lack patience especially during interrogation time they expected me to respond in a quick manner than I could Interviewer: Which areas of the hospital were most concerned with your well-being and feeling? Interviewee: The ward section handled me with much care when I was resting in the hospital bed. The bedside nurses were concerned and they made me feel comfortable Interviewer: Was your family with you during this hospital stay or outpatient visit? Interviewee: I was with my wife and daughter when I was coming to the hospital and thereafter they left when I was taken to the ward, but they kept visiting me twice each day until I was discharged Interviewer: Was your family included in your treatment, such as post-procedure instruction? Interviewee: My family was fully involved in each step of treatment and the patient education sessions, and they were instructed on how to take care of me when we left the hospital. Stages-of-life and The Influence of Age in Health Care from Patient’s Perspective The various stages of life that one has to go through when he or she lives full life include prenatal development, infancy and toddlerhood, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age (Halaweh, Dahlin-Ivsnoff, Svantesson & Willen, 2018). The general life experiences one has right from the prenatal development stage to old age vary even if a person is doing something. People at various stages of life have different experiences in the treatment and healing process. A sick child suffering from the same disease as an adult or an old man will have a different experience during treatment because the child does not have to give an explanation of his or her condition because in most cases the parents will talk on his or her behalf. The old man I interviewed makes it clear that his experiences in sickness are different in his old age as compared to when he was young. Due to old age, most of the patients have hearing problems and they cannot express themselves as fast as they used to do. This drags the interrogation process whereby most of them become frustrated and harassed if they do not get a health care provider who will be patient enough to listen to them until they can completely explain how they are feeling (Jackson, Hackett & Steptoe, 2019). If the old person cannot speak out clearly, it becomes difficult to establish the problem and especially if there is no relative with him or her to help explain, how his or her condition has been. Both the patient and the health caregivers can end up feeling frustrated in the process. As one continues to grow old, the immunity of the body increases but eventually begins to diminish. The white blood cells and the leukocytes develop a defense against antigens thus one acquires more antibodies to the germs he or she has defeated in the past (Jaul & Barron, 2017). Thus as one moves towards adulthood, they tend to get fewer colds than children. As one continues to age, the number of white blood cells that can respond to new antigens decreases and their functioning in general diminishes, thus when the older people encounter a new antigen, the body is less able to remember and fight against it (Jaul & Barron, 2017). This leads to a decrease in the immunity level of an aging person. From the interview, the old man claims that in his old age he takes longer in the recovery process as compared to when he was younger. This could be the effect of reduced immunity as a result of the reduced functioning of the white blood cells. Though people at different stages of life have different experiences with the treatment process and their illnesses, it is important that the family members of the sick patients in all age groups suffering from various illnesses be involved in every process of treatment that the patient is undergoing (Williams-Roberts, Abonyi & Kryzanowski, 2018). If possible an explanation needs to be given to them about why the patient has to go through a certain process and during patient education they also need to be present so that they can understand how to handle their patient after being discharged. Conclusion Patients have different experiences of illnesses as they go through various stages-of-life. Their ability to coping with illnesses varies depending on one’s age due to the level of immunity at each stage of life. Irrespective of the stage-of-life of a patient, the family always needs to be involved in the treatment process that the patient undergoes in order to build trust between the health care professional and the patients, together with their family. References Halaweh, H., Dahlin-Ivsnoff, S., Svantesson, U., & Willen, C. (2018). Perspectives of Older Adults on Aging Well: A Focus Group Study. Journal of Aging Research, 2018(), 1-9. doi: 10.1155/2018/ Jackson, S.E., Hackett, R.A., & Steptoe, A. (2019). Associations between age discrimination and health and wellbeing: cross-sectional and prospective analysis of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The Lancet Public Health, 4(4), 200-208. doi: 10.1016/S(19)30035-0 Jaul, E., & Barron, J. (2017). Age-Related Diseases and Clinical and Public Health Implications for the 85 Years Old and Over Population. Frontiers in Public Health, 5, 1-12. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00335 Williams-Roberts, H., Abonyi, S., & Kryzanowski, J. (2018). What older adults want from their health care providers. Patient Experience Journal, 5(3), 81-90. Retrieved Dec 5, 2019 from : Running head: HOMEWORK TOPIC 4 Homework Topic 4 Kenyatta University Course: HLT-306V Define negotiation as it applies to patient education. Negotiation involves a deep conversation between or among people with the aim the of formulating the best outcome from the alternatives. Concerning the healthcare today, physicians and nurses share decision-making with their patients to engage them thru their feelings, preferences and providing a treatment plan. The interaction especially face-to-face negotiations with the patient increase their awareness and promote compliance with medication and treatment plans; this contributes to patient education across the care (Dreeben-Irimia, 2010). Explain how the change in the patient's status through the years has affected patient education. Throughout the years, patient’s status has increasingly affected the patient education. This is associated with the level of awareness as the patient matures or ages. For instance, the patient might become more alert and aware concerning the relationship of the relationship between their ailment and age. This tasks them with the obligation of seeking to establish healthy living to prevent falling sick or weak. Unlike in the traditional healthcare practices where physician’s decision was final, nowadays healthcare can engage negotiation with the patient. As a result, improving awareness and enhancing patient’s education. List the pros and cons of negotiation. Negotiation can be a good strategy of engaging both parties in the process of determining the final decision. However though useful, it also has its cons associated with the methods or strategies engaged by both parties. Pros • Forcing strategies can take less time in convincing the other party the importance of taking a particular direction. • Collaborations in which case both sides can win. • Sharing of ideas and thoughts always goes a long way in bringing the best outcomes especially in-patient care. Cons • Forcing though less time consuming, can lead to disagreement or taking the choice out of false statements without substantiating facts. • Compromising can result in people having extreme opinions since they anticipate having to give in. • Due compromising techniques both sides may become disappointed because neither of them gets exactly what they want. Describe the general conditions that would be included in a patient contract. The general requirements that might be involved in a patient contract include; i. Attendance. Under this condition, patients must attend their appointments on time while those patients who are late for an appointment might be asked to attend more appointment and observe time. ii. Behavior. Patients must observe good verbal and physical conduct. Any exploitation to the staff cannot be tolerated. iii. Confidentiality. Privacy must be observed by the staffs handling confidential patient’s information. Discuss old age and the baby boomer The demographic population born during the post-World War II are the baby boomers; this was about the period 1946 and 1964. Currently, these are individuals between the ages of 53 and 71 years-old as reflected by the United States Census Bureau. Due to an increased number of baby boomers and anticipated retirement, this will affect the healthcare system due to a shortage of healthcare providers. Although efforts are put forward to solving this problem, the problem seems to escalate affecting the overall healthcare because of the prevalence of overworked nurses and increased cases of nurse burnout (Pruchno, 2012). List several generational, religious, and cultural differences between the 30-year-old health care professional and the elderly patient • Often, generational differences are shown since the elderly patients have an insight that the doctor has no experience to handle them, therefore, preferring those who are a little older. • About religious aspect, most healthcare professionals are conscious of their field of study; however, they are barely trained on the techniques to use while handling the spiritual aspects of their patients. • Cultural differences result from physician’s and patient’s understanding of the illness, and most communication barriers are the major challenge that affects the patient care in this case; however, the use of translator has played a greater role in solving the cultural differences between the physicians and the patient (Spector, 2002). Explain some of the barriers to patient education of the elderly and discuss their particular needs. Health promotion is significant throughout the lifespan. Some of the predominant special needs for the elderly patients include; • Dressing. This is associated with the patient’s difficulty to fasten buttons or zips. The elderly care is essential as it can make dressing much easier. • Mobility. This is apparently a major problem affecting the elderly patients with escalating cases of patient’s fall in the healthcare facility. Oftentimes, the elderly patients have problems walking on their own and lifting devices. Providing an extra backing up always goes a long way in easing their movement within the facility. As a result, some of the barriers to the aging patient education are; • Physical changes. These are changes noted by deteriorating changes of patient’s body parts such as seeing, feeling or hearing. • Psychological changes. The psychological characteristics of the elderly patients are associated with an individual’s capacity to adapt. In these cases, there may be changes in memory, awareness, learning, psychological attitude and state and personality. List ways to best approach patient education of the elderly. Patient education for the elderly is important to avoid any unforeseen circumstances that might affect their responsiveness to care, leading to worsening conditions. Considering the health conditions of the elderly, the best ways of approaching their patient education would involve the use of large fonts in written materials to enhance their capability to read. Also, maintaining consistent colors for the background such as white background is used to make any readable material visible to their physical eyes. Similarly, short and precise words should be used on posters avoiding the use of long paragraphs. Avoiding medical terminology should also be ensured to prevent any ambiguity in the language used (Strömberg, 2005). Discuss some cultural and religious beliefs about death that you have encountered. On religious perspective, Christians believe in life after death; the belief, however, varies among different denominations and religious communities. A person deeds on earth determines their life after death. Christians believe in God and the fact that he gave his only son Jesus Christ to die for our sins. The fact that Jesus conquered death provide solace and help Christians in their grieving moments. A look at European-Americans reveals that the culture observes several ethnic, traditional, and religious customs concerning post-death ceremonial and grief practices. For instance, during mourning process, family and friends come together to the deceased family to support and share in the common grief. This practice typically ensues following the statement of the death. High dependence upon a funeral director and person of the clergy in preparations for mourning and burial. Explain why it is important to discuss death and dying with the elderly patient and what the impact is on all involved. Discussing death and dying with the aging patients is very crucial in health care practices. This practice ensures that they follow medication plans and reveals their personal preferences and inclinations. Unfortunately, such discussions are rarely taken, and when they occur, they are wrongly done. Discussion end-of-life care to the elderly patient can go a long way in revealing their needs or will to their family members (Teno, Clarridge, Casey, Welch, Wetle, Shield, & Mor, 2004). Also, it can help them open up about how they want their body to be handled, some religion prefers burying their loved ones, however, while there are those who like to cremate the body, it is always wise to seek and understand how the patient wants to be handled when that time comes. Most importantly, the discussion can reveal problems associated with the patient’s treatment and medication plans; thus, this would play a great role in helping them recuperate by ensuring proper medical practices are followed. Explain how to teach a patient with a life-threatening illness. Chronic and life-threatening illnesses are always a challenge to deal with, in fact, they trigger the end of life thoughts to the patients. Finding a way of approaching a patient with a life-threatening illness is always important to avoid any case that can escalate the patient’s condition as a result affecting their attitude towards life. The nature and emphasis of patient training at the end of life deliberations with the patient chronic conditions must always be based on the patient’s particular needs and preferences. Also, engaging the patient family members should always be considered so that to inform and update them of any need that might be required and the extra care they are required to complete to facilitate the patient’s condition. Finally, having straightforward evidence concerning the patient’s condition and its diagnosis similarly aids patients to found priorities about individual and association issues or concerning business concerns they need to put in order. References Dreeben-Irimia, O. (2010). Patient education in rehabilitation. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Pruchno, R. (2012). Not your mother’s old age: Baby Boomers at age 65. Spector, R. E. (2002). Cultural diversity in health and illness. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(3), 197-199. Strömberg, A. (2005). The crucial role of patient education in heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure, 7(3), 363-369. Teno, J. M., Clarridge, B. R., Casey, V., Welch, L. C., Wetle, T., Shield, R., & Mor, V. (2004). Family perspectives on end-of-life care at the last place of care. Jama, 291(1), 88-93. Older Adults Patient Education Issues essay HLT 306V- Advanced Patient Care Older Adults Patient Education Issues essay and Interview For this essay I choose to interview my 80-year-old uncle regarding his experience with the healthcare system post his elective total knee replacement related to Osteoarthritis. 1. Did a patient education representative give you instructions on how to care for yourself after your illness or operation? Before I had surgery, I met with my primary doctor and then I met with the orthopedic doctor. Most of my education came from the orthopedic doctor’s assistant. A lot of the information primarily was about what to do in preparation for the surgery. The assistant explained that I could not take my baby aspirin so many days before the surgery, was adamant that I have someone drive me home after surgery, or I would not be released, they told me I would have to go get exercise therapy in a rehab place or have the therapy company come to my house. 2. Did a health care professional, pharmacist, nurse, or doctor, or elder counselor advise you on your medication, diet or exercise? The orthopedics doctor’s assistant explained that I could not take my baby aspirin so many days before the surgery, they were worried about me bleeding too much before the surgery. She explained that after the surgery I will start back on the baby aspirin and all my other medicines like before. I really did not get information about my diet, I still ate regular. I do remember they said the night before surgery I had to stop eating at a certain time, they said no food should be in my stomach. For the exercise they told me that the physical therapy people at the hospital would talk to me about that. Sure, enough the day after surgery those exercise people were in my room and wanted me to get moving, but I was in too much pain. I stayed in the hospital three days, before they put me in a rehab place. 3. Who assisted you at home after your illness or operation? My daughter helped me at home because she lives with me. She picked me up from the rehab facility after I stayed there three weeks. She primarily takes care of the house and grocery shopping. My daughter also does my medicine box, sometimes all those pills look alike so she separates them out for me. I told them to send someone to help me with bathing and dressing because I didn’t want my daughter doing that. A bathing aide came to my house three times a week, and they gave me a shower once a week. 4. Do you know of any assistance services, i.e., food, transportation, medication, that would help you stay in your home as you get older? No, they did not talk to me about that. I suppose I could call my social worker. O have a will that gives everyone directions on what to do. Were they supposed to give me something? I know there is a community center nearby that has information about some of that stuff you asked, and the city sends me magazine with advertisements. If needed I guess I just could look in those magazines and call one of the numbers. NURSING 1. Define negotiation as it applies to patient education. Negotiation is a discussion between two or more persons intending to reach a beneficial outcome over one or more issues. In relation to patient today, doctors share decision-making with their patients, because patients must traverse careers, families, time restrictions and other realities, and they need to work with physicians to create effective, individualized treatments. When it comes to essential health issues, such as getting people to abandon smoking, studies have revealed that big public awareness promotions are good at prevention, but doctors, interactive and negotiating face-to- face with patients, are more operational at getting individuals to actually quit. 2. Explain how the change in the patient's status through the years has affected patient education. Patient’s status through the years has affected patients education because with age one becomes more aware and alert about how ailments are associated with age, and to reduce the risk some people research more about healthy living so as to avoid falling sick often. Because of this awareness, medical practitioners have improved their patient - doctor education nowadays, there are negotiations as is to what is the best solution as opposed to some years back when a doctors’ word was final and they were being viewed as gods. 3. List the pros and cons of negotiation. FORCING Pros Forcing generally takes less time. It can lead to automatic triumph if you have more power than the other person. Cons Forcing can lead to a standoff if both sides try to do it. The other side can become resentful. COMPROMISING Pros It's the normal strategy for most people. It seems to be just because both sides win and lose, give and take. Cons Compromising can lead to people having life-threatening opinions, since they anticipate having to give in. Both sides may become dissatisfied because neither of them gets exactly what they want. ACCOMMODATING: Pros When you identify that the fight isn't worth it, you give in and the conflict is over quickly. You could get people to owe you a courtesy in the future. Cons You may miss a lot by giving up easily. People could start expecting you to give in effortlessly and you could get the reputation of being a soft touch. COLLABORATING: Pros Both sides can win. Personal associations can improve, because you both care sufficiently to try and make each other happy. Cons Collaborating can take a long. People who have a more influential style could see this strategy as being weak. 4. Describe the general conditions that would be included in a patient contract. Attendance: Patients must go to their appointment on time. Patients who are late for appointments may be asked to make one more appointment. Patients who insistently do not attend for an appointment or who do not cancel their appointment early enough for it to be used may be detached from the surgery list. Behavior: Physical or verbal exploitation to any member of staff on the premises will not be accepted. Any patient proving this behavior may be removed from the Practice list. Confidentiality: All members of staff and other ratified health professionals attached to the Practice who have access to you medical records will observe the rules of privacy. 5. Discuss old age and the baby boomer Baby boomers are the demographic group born during the post–World War II baby boom, roughly between the years 1946 and 1964. This comprises people who are between 53 and 71 years old in 2017, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Baby boomers are upcoming retirement and this will become a health crisis this is because Leaders in the healthcare industry have been working exceptionally hard in trying to find a solution. Unhappily their efforts are only making minimal impacts in growing the nursing personnel. Healthcare companies have tried everything from rising salaries to offering shocking sign on bonuses. Money does not seem to be the key to get people attracted in nursing. Survey a group of nurses and most will not protest about their salary. What they will complain about is the day-to-day loads that they face. Nurses are overworked and carry larger and larger patient loads as a result of deficiencies. 6. List several generational, religious, and cultural differences between the 30-year- old health care professional and the elderly patient In the religious aspect many of the health care specialist are very savvy in their field of study but they are not trained on handling the spiritual aspect of their patients. The cultural differences Differences between patients' and physicians' perceptions of illness can result in poor communication and substandard treatment results. These differences are more likely when the patient's cultural background is dissimilar from the physician's. Generational differences are evident because elderly patients have a perception that this doctors do not have enough experience to handle them and hence prefer those who are a bit old. 7. Explain some of the barriers to patient education of the elderly and discuss their special needs. Some special needs of the elderly include; Dressing Many elderly persons have difficulty with regular clothes. There may be difficulty fastening buttons or zips. Dressing one's self can be a difficult task for those who have limited rigidity and manual dexterity. There are elderly care goods that can help to make the process of dressing much simpler. For the Hard of Hearing Hearing aids, of course, top the list of tools to help those who are hard of hearing. There are also amplified phones with amplified ringers to help those who are hard of hearing to identify that the phone is ringing. Some amplified cell phone are also outfitted with flashing lights as an additional signal. Mobility Many elders have trouble walking on their own or standing on their feet; lifting devices and aids such as canes, walkers, provide the extra backing needed to facilitate walking for the elderly. Scooters and wheelchairs are also accessible for those who need more assistance or cannot make use of their legs for walking. There are even tote bags that can be attached to these movement devices for convenience. Barriers to elderly patient education Physical changes Deteriorating changes may occur in hearing, seeing, feeling and responding skills. Spatial variability, mobility, and motor organization may be spoilt. The working level May affect most body systems Psychological changes The psychological aspect of ageing is related to a person’s Adaptation capacity. There might be changes in awareness and memory, learning and Problem solving, psychological state and attitude, sense of self and personality. Problems with memory in particular are common. 8. List ways to best approach patient education of the elderly. Font of materials should be large enough for the elderly to read easily? The font of educational materials should be large enough and the background should contain white parts because it is easier to read when the background largely consists of white areas. Also, images and graphics should be favored as they make the message stronger. Words and posters should be used instead of long paragraphs (Rojda & George, 2009). In addition, medical/health terminology (i.e., medical Verbiage) should be avoided in the educational resources designed specifically for the elderly. Finally, another focus point in the health advancement for the elderly is Encouraging health promotion experts to acquire the necessary skills so that they can Develop traditionally and linguistically appropriate health education materials (Wallace, 2004). 9. Discuss some cultural and religious beliefs about death that you have encountered. Christian beliefs about the life after death vary between denominations and individual Christians, but vast majority of Christians believe in some kind of paradise, in which believers enjoy the presence of God and other believers and freedom from grief and sin. Most of the Christians follow the idea that Jesus died on the cross for the iniquities of humanity, so that we could achieve deliverance. There are references of heaven and hell in the Bible. It is clearly stated that those who do not follow and believe in Jesus will eventually end up in hell, while those who do will achieve deliverance and end up in heaven. In the Bible it is explained that there is a time to be born, and a time to die. Initially, most Christian preferred burial of the dead body but today both cremation and burial are practiced by Christians. Whether it is burial or cremation, there are many rituals that Christians practice for the deceased. European-Americans follow several cultural, ethnic, and religious traditions regarding post-death ceremonial and mourning practices. General tendencies include: Friends and family meet at the home of the deceased or family member to support and share in the common grief. This practice usually occurs following the declaration of the death. High dependency upon a funeral director and/or person of the clergy in arrangements for mourning and burial. 10. Explain why it is important to discuss death and dying with the elderly patient and what the impact is on all involved. Discussing end-of-life care with older patients is very important, as it ensures their inclinations are known and they retain control over their care choices even when they may no longer be actively involved in them. Regrettably, these deliberations do not always occur, and when they do occur, they are not always done well. There are patient and physician barriers to advanced care planning. Doctors may lack the skills necessary to accomplish the task of making decisions for future care Older adults are relatively conscious of their mortality. Death may already surround them: their friends and siblings may be dying or have died. Older people usually have knowledge with death, even though they may not talk about it. They have probably thought about their own death, about the process of dying and have ideas about what they want and what they do not want, and these are issues that physicians and their patients should be discussing at various times in the doctor-patient relationship. This should be especially true for the care of older patients as death becomes more predictable; however, this does not always happen. 11. Explain how to teach a patient with a life-threatening illness. End of life thoughts may be triggered when patients are living with a life threatening condition. Although patients may not be in the lethal stage of disease, nature of the condition or its estimated development may impose discussion about the potential of death. The prospect of death raises many real-world issues, and patients may look to wellbeing professionals to provide information that helps them address these concerns .Determining practical matters can help patients focus on issues of living with a life- threatening ailment, thus enabling them to enhance their whole quality of life. The nature and focus of patient training in end of life discussions with patients with life threatening illnesses should be based on patients’ specific needs and priorities. Many of the same ideologies used in teaching patients with other disorders also apply to teaching patients with life intimidating illness. Scheduling of patient teaching, assessing specific education needs, evaluating supports and barriers, upraising patient’s social condition and life circumstances, and bearing in mind patients’ abilities and preparedness to follow commendations are all crucial regardless of the patients’ condition. The variance in patient teaching results from emotionally charged potential of loss of life. Under these conditions, patients and their family need honest, realistic, and accurate facts about the condition and general status of the patient, choices of treatment, and prognosis .Only with clear, concise information can patient make conversant choices about treatment and care .Having straight forward facts about the condition and its diagnosis also enables patients to establish priorities concerning personal and relationship issues or regarding business concerns they need to put in order,