Current psychotherapies key points and test bank 10th edition 1 of 829 4/4/2026
Chapter 1
Introduction to 21st-Century Psychotherapies
Authors: Frank Dumont
Key Points and Terms
Evolution of the Science and Profession of Psychology
Early attempts to address mental disorders include:
► Pre-Christian, temple-like asklepeia and other
retreat centers, which used religio- philosophical
lectures, to assuage if not remedy psychological
disorders.
► Hellenist physicians understood that the brain was
not only the seat of knowledge and learning but also
the source of depression, delirium, and madness.
► Hippocrates insisted that his students address illnesses by natural means.
Psychotherapy in its present guise did not clearly emerge
until the 18th century. Below are some key players:
► Scientific study of the unconscious attributed to
renowned polymath Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz:
Investigated subliminal perceptions
Coined the term “dynamic”
► Johann Friedrich Herbart:
Current psychotherapies key points and test bankCurrent
10th edition.pdf
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Attempted to apply mathematics to dynamics
Suggested ideas struggle with one another to access consciousness
► Franz Anton Mesmer and his disciple the Marquis de
Puysegur are influential in current understanding of:
hypnotherapy
rapport between therapist and patient
influence of the unconscious
importance of the qualities of the therapist
spontaneous remission of disorders
hypnotic somnambulism
selective function of unconscious memory
role of patient confidence
common factors across effective treatments
► Arthur Schopenhauer
Work strongly influenced Freud
► Gustav T. Fechner
Made distinction between waking and sleeping states
Attempted to measure the intensity of psychic stimulation
► Herman von Helmholtz
Discovered the phenomenon of unconscious inference
► Emil Kraepelin
Attention to classifying diseases
► Carl Gustav Carus
Introduction to 21st-Century Psychotherapies 1
Current psychotherapies key points and test bankCurrent
10th edition.pdf
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Developed one of the most sophisticated
schemas the unconscious that exist,
describing several levels to the unconscious
Felt individuals were communicating at
conscious and unconscious levels with each
other in paravocal, nonverbal, organic, and
affective modes in ways individuals were
largely unaware of
► Carus Schopenhauer
Principal argument was that we are driven
by blind, irrational forces of which we are
largely unaware
► Friedrich Nietzsche
Viewed that humans lie to themselves more than they do to each other
► Moritz Benedikt
Developed concept of seeking out and
clinically purging “pathogenic secrets”
The Impact of Biological Science on Psychotherapy
Every encounter with our environment causes a change
within us and in our neural functioning. One cannot
Current psychotherapies key points and test bankCurrent
10th edition.pdf
psychotherapies key points and test bank 10th edition.pdf 4/4/2026
, Current psychotherapies key points and test bank 10th edition 4 of 829 4/4/2026
unlearn knowledge unless neuronal decay and lesions undo
memory.
Klaus Grawe has noted that “psychotherapy appears to
achieve its effect through changes in gene expression at the
neuronal level.” And research shows that therapy may be
effective through triggering the expression of immediate-
early genes (IEGs) through exposure to nurturant social
events.
Much of the plasticity in our neuro-emotional systems is achieved through epigenetic
changes.
In the current age of psychopharmacology, medicating
patients for psychological purposes should require clear,
preset clinical objectives.
Future developments in molecular genetic analysis,
cognitive neuropsychology, and social cognitive
neuroscience will continue to inform psychotherapy.
Clashing Standpoints
Gillath, Adams, and Kunkel (2012) provide a model
for uniting disparate approaches to study of human
nature.
Resolution can be achieved through systemic
integration of many variables that are at play at any
moment.
For example, Pope and Wedding (2012) discuss the
Current psychotherapies key points and test bankCurrent
10th edition.pdf
psychotherapies key points and test bank 10th edition.pdf 4/4/2026
Chapter 1
Introduction to 21st-Century Psychotherapies
Authors: Frank Dumont
Key Points and Terms
Evolution of the Science and Profession of Psychology
Early attempts to address mental disorders include:
► Pre-Christian, temple-like asklepeia and other
retreat centers, which used religio- philosophical
lectures, to assuage if not remedy psychological
disorders.
► Hellenist physicians understood that the brain was
not only the seat of knowledge and learning but also
the source of depression, delirium, and madness.
► Hippocrates insisted that his students address illnesses by natural means.
Psychotherapy in its present guise did not clearly emerge
until the 18th century. Below are some key players:
► Scientific study of the unconscious attributed to
renowned polymath Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz:
Investigated subliminal perceptions
Coined the term “dynamic”
► Johann Friedrich Herbart:
Current psychotherapies key points and test bankCurrent
10th edition.pdf
psychotherapies key points and test bank 10th edition.pdf 4/4/2026
,Current psychotherapies key points and test bank 10th edition 2 of 829 4/4/2026
Attempted to apply mathematics to dynamics
Suggested ideas struggle with one another to access consciousness
► Franz Anton Mesmer and his disciple the Marquis de
Puysegur are influential in current understanding of:
hypnotherapy
rapport between therapist and patient
influence of the unconscious
importance of the qualities of the therapist
spontaneous remission of disorders
hypnotic somnambulism
selective function of unconscious memory
role of patient confidence
common factors across effective treatments
► Arthur Schopenhauer
Work strongly influenced Freud
► Gustav T. Fechner
Made distinction between waking and sleeping states
Attempted to measure the intensity of psychic stimulation
► Herman von Helmholtz
Discovered the phenomenon of unconscious inference
► Emil Kraepelin
Attention to classifying diseases
► Carl Gustav Carus
Introduction to 21st-Century Psychotherapies 1
Current psychotherapies key points and test bankCurrent
10th edition.pdf
psychotherapies key points and test bank 10th edition.pdf 4/4/2026
,Current psychotherapies key points and test bank 10th edition 3 of 829 4/4/2026
Developed one of the most sophisticated
schemas the unconscious that exist,
describing several levels to the unconscious
Felt individuals were communicating at
conscious and unconscious levels with each
other in paravocal, nonverbal, organic, and
affective modes in ways individuals were
largely unaware of
► Carus Schopenhauer
Principal argument was that we are driven
by blind, irrational forces of which we are
largely unaware
► Friedrich Nietzsche
Viewed that humans lie to themselves more than they do to each other
► Moritz Benedikt
Developed concept of seeking out and
clinically purging “pathogenic secrets”
The Impact of Biological Science on Psychotherapy
Every encounter with our environment causes a change
within us and in our neural functioning. One cannot
Current psychotherapies key points and test bankCurrent
10th edition.pdf
psychotherapies key points and test bank 10th edition.pdf 4/4/2026
, Current psychotherapies key points and test bank 10th edition 4 of 829 4/4/2026
unlearn knowledge unless neuronal decay and lesions undo
memory.
Klaus Grawe has noted that “psychotherapy appears to
achieve its effect through changes in gene expression at the
neuronal level.” And research shows that therapy may be
effective through triggering the expression of immediate-
early genes (IEGs) through exposure to nurturant social
events.
Much of the plasticity in our neuro-emotional systems is achieved through epigenetic
changes.
In the current age of psychopharmacology, medicating
patients for psychological purposes should require clear,
preset clinical objectives.
Future developments in molecular genetic analysis,
cognitive neuropsychology, and social cognitive
neuroscience will continue to inform psychotherapy.
Clashing Standpoints
Gillath, Adams, and Kunkel (2012) provide a model
for uniting disparate approaches to study of human
nature.
Resolution can be achieved through systemic
integration of many variables that are at play at any
moment.
For example, Pope and Wedding (2012) discuss the
Current psychotherapies key points and test bankCurrent
10th edition.pdf
psychotherapies key points and test bank 10th edition.pdf 4/4/2026
