Pathology Exam Questions & Answers 2026: 300
Verified Q&A on Inflammation, Tumors & Disease
Mechanisms
Section 1: Inflammation (1–100)
1) What is inflammation?
✅ Answer: Body’s response to injury or infection to eliminate harmful stimuli and initiate repair.
2) Name the cardinal signs of inflammation.
✅ Answer: Redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), loss of function (functio laesa).
3) Differentiate acute from chronic inflammation.
✅ Answer: Acute is rapid, short-term, with neutrophils; chronic is long-term, with lymphocytes and
macrophages.
4) Which cells dominate acute inflammation?
✅ Answer: Neutrophils.
5) Which cells dominate chronic inflammation?
✅ Answer: Lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells.
6) What is exudate?
✅ Answer: Protein-rich fluid that leaks from vessels during inflammation.
7) What is transudate?
✅ Answer: Protein-poor fluid due to hydrostatic or osmotic imbalance, not inflammation.
8) What mediators cause vasodilation in inflammation?
✅ Answer: Histamine, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide.
9) What mediators increase vascular permeability?
✅ Answer: Histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, and complement factors.
10) Define chemotaxis.
✅ Answer: Directed movement of leukocytes toward the site of injury.
11) Name a chemotactic factor for neutrophils.
,✅ Answer: IL-8 (interleukin-8).
12) What is pus?
✅ Answer: Accumulation of neutrophils, dead cells, and tissue debris.
13) Define serous inflammation.
✅ Answer: Fluid-rich inflammation, e.g., in blisters.
14) Define fibrinous inflammation.
✅ Answer: Inflammation with fibrin deposition, e.g., pericarditis.
15) Define purulent (suppurative) inflammation.
✅ Answer: Inflammation producing pus.
16) What is an abscess?
✅ Answer: Localized collection of pus within tissue.
17) What is an ulcer?
✅ Answer: Local loss of surface tissue due to necrosis and inflammation.
18) Define granulomatous inflammation.
✅ Answer: Chronic inflammation with macrophages, epithelioid cells, and giant cells forming
granulomas.
19) Give an example of granulomatous inflammation.
✅ Answer: Tuberculosis.
20) Which cells form Langhans giant cells?
✅ Answer: Macrophages.
21) What triggers acute inflammation?
✅ Answer: Infection, trauma, necrosis, foreign bodies, or immune reactions.
22) What is edema?
✅ Answer: Accumulation of fluid in interstitial tissue.
23) Differentiate transudate from exudate.
✅ Answer: Transudate is low-protein; exudate is high-protein.
24) What is diapedesis?
, ✅ Answer: Movement of leukocytes through vessel walls.
25) Name the stages of acute inflammation.
✅ Answer: Vascular changes, leukocyte recruitment, mediator release, resolution/repair.
26) What is resolution of inflammation?
✅ Answer: Complete restoration of normal tissue structure.
27) What is repair in inflammation?
✅ Answer: Replacement of damaged tissue with connective tissue or scar formation.
28) Name systemic effects of inflammation.
✅ Answer: Fever, leukocytosis, and increased acute-phase protein production.
29) Which cytokines mediate fever?
✅ Answer: IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha.
30) What is chronic inflammation?
✅ Answer: Prolonged inflammation with tissue destruction and repair.
31) Name causes of chronic inflammation.
✅ Answer: Persistent infection, autoimmune disease, prolonged exposure to toxins.
32) What is fibrosis?
✅ Answer: Formation of excess connective tissue during chronic inflammation.
33) Define panniculitis.
✅ Answer: Inflammation of subcutaneous fat.
34) Which cells present antigens to T cells?
✅ Answer: Macrophages and dendritic cells.
35) What is the role of mast cells?
✅ Answer: Release histamine and mediators during inflammation.
36) Difference between necrosis and apoptosis in inflammation?
✅ Answer: Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death causing inflammation; apoptosis is programmed and
controlled.
37) What is chronic granulomatous disease?
Verified Q&A on Inflammation, Tumors & Disease
Mechanisms
Section 1: Inflammation (1–100)
1) What is inflammation?
✅ Answer: Body’s response to injury or infection to eliminate harmful stimuli and initiate repair.
2) Name the cardinal signs of inflammation.
✅ Answer: Redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), loss of function (functio laesa).
3) Differentiate acute from chronic inflammation.
✅ Answer: Acute is rapid, short-term, with neutrophils; chronic is long-term, with lymphocytes and
macrophages.
4) Which cells dominate acute inflammation?
✅ Answer: Neutrophils.
5) Which cells dominate chronic inflammation?
✅ Answer: Lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells.
6) What is exudate?
✅ Answer: Protein-rich fluid that leaks from vessels during inflammation.
7) What is transudate?
✅ Answer: Protein-poor fluid due to hydrostatic or osmotic imbalance, not inflammation.
8) What mediators cause vasodilation in inflammation?
✅ Answer: Histamine, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide.
9) What mediators increase vascular permeability?
✅ Answer: Histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, and complement factors.
10) Define chemotaxis.
✅ Answer: Directed movement of leukocytes toward the site of injury.
11) Name a chemotactic factor for neutrophils.
,✅ Answer: IL-8 (interleukin-8).
12) What is pus?
✅ Answer: Accumulation of neutrophils, dead cells, and tissue debris.
13) Define serous inflammation.
✅ Answer: Fluid-rich inflammation, e.g., in blisters.
14) Define fibrinous inflammation.
✅ Answer: Inflammation with fibrin deposition, e.g., pericarditis.
15) Define purulent (suppurative) inflammation.
✅ Answer: Inflammation producing pus.
16) What is an abscess?
✅ Answer: Localized collection of pus within tissue.
17) What is an ulcer?
✅ Answer: Local loss of surface tissue due to necrosis and inflammation.
18) Define granulomatous inflammation.
✅ Answer: Chronic inflammation with macrophages, epithelioid cells, and giant cells forming
granulomas.
19) Give an example of granulomatous inflammation.
✅ Answer: Tuberculosis.
20) Which cells form Langhans giant cells?
✅ Answer: Macrophages.
21) What triggers acute inflammation?
✅ Answer: Infection, trauma, necrosis, foreign bodies, or immune reactions.
22) What is edema?
✅ Answer: Accumulation of fluid in interstitial tissue.
23) Differentiate transudate from exudate.
✅ Answer: Transudate is low-protein; exudate is high-protein.
24) What is diapedesis?
, ✅ Answer: Movement of leukocytes through vessel walls.
25) Name the stages of acute inflammation.
✅ Answer: Vascular changes, leukocyte recruitment, mediator release, resolution/repair.
26) What is resolution of inflammation?
✅ Answer: Complete restoration of normal tissue structure.
27) What is repair in inflammation?
✅ Answer: Replacement of damaged tissue with connective tissue or scar formation.
28) Name systemic effects of inflammation.
✅ Answer: Fever, leukocytosis, and increased acute-phase protein production.
29) Which cytokines mediate fever?
✅ Answer: IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha.
30) What is chronic inflammation?
✅ Answer: Prolonged inflammation with tissue destruction and repair.
31) Name causes of chronic inflammation.
✅ Answer: Persistent infection, autoimmune disease, prolonged exposure to toxins.
32) What is fibrosis?
✅ Answer: Formation of excess connective tissue during chronic inflammation.
33) Define panniculitis.
✅ Answer: Inflammation of subcutaneous fat.
34) Which cells present antigens to T cells?
✅ Answer: Macrophages and dendritic cells.
35) What is the role of mast cells?
✅ Answer: Release histamine and mediators during inflammation.
36) Difference between necrosis and apoptosis in inflammation?
✅ Answer: Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death causing inflammation; apoptosis is programmed and
controlled.
37) What is chronic granulomatous disease?
