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NUR 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM
(WALDEN) – 150+ Q&A (2026 A+ GUIDE)
A 72-year-old female with a known cardiac history of coronary artery disease presents to
the emergency room following a syncopal episode. She received a stent to the right
coronary artery in 2017 and was noted to have an ejection fraction of 40% at that time. A 12
lead ECG reveals a regular rhythm with a rate of 35. What is the most likely cause of her
bradycardia?
A. Blocked pathway at or below the AV node
B. Blocked pathway at or below the SA node
C. Reentry pathway at or near the SA node
D. Reentry pathway at or near the AV node
Blocked pathway at or below the AV node
A 43-year-old female is ten years post prosthetic aortic valve replacement secondary to
infective endocarditis. Which of the following valvular conditions would be an expected
finding?
A. Paravalvular leak
B. Aortic stenosis
C. Aortic valve embolization
D. Aortic regurgitation
Aortic stenosis
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A 50-year-old male is admitted an acute myocardial infarction. His ejection fraction is
noted to be 30%. He develops shortness of breath and his physical exam reveals crackles
bilaterally. The bedside CXR indicates pulmonary edema. Which of the following best
describes the pathological cause of the edema?
A. Increased hydrostatic pressure
B. Decreased plasma osmotic pressure
C. Increased cardiac output
D. Decreased central venous pressure
Increased hydrostatic pressure
The direction of blood flow and the clinical severity of symptoms in Tetralogy of Fallot is
determined primarily by the:
A. Presence of an atrial septal defect
B. Diameter of the tricuspid valve
C. Size of the left ventricle
D. Degree of pulmonary stenosis
Degree of Pulmonary stenosis
A 36-year-old female presents to the ED with the chief complaint of acute SOB and anxiety
that started suddenly 2 to 3 hours ago while she was working around the house. She denies
chest pain. Her PMH is unremarkable. She takes oral contraceptives, but no other
medications. Vital signs are temperature=99.1, RR=34, BP=148/90, pulse=100. Oxygen
saturation is 94% on room air. Laboratory tests reveal WBC=7.1, Hgb=12.2, Hct=37.3,
Na+=138, K+=4.7, Cl=109, HCO3=25, BUN=14, Cr=0.9, glucose=106. ABGs are obtained
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and reveal pH=7.52, HCO3=20, PaCO2=26, PaO2=70. CXR and ECG are normal. What type
of acid base disorder does the patient suffer from?
A. Respiratory alkalosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
A 65-year-old male is brought for care by his wife because of headache, nausea, and
fatigue. PMH is significant for small cell carcinoma of the lung diagnosed approximately 2
years ago. He also has a history of TIA (6 years ago) and mild CHF. Vital signs are as follow:
temperature=99.8F, RR=18, BP=140/88, pulse=76. On examination, he is awake but
somewhat lethargic. Physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory tests reveal the
following: WBC=8.3, Hgb/Hct=10.2/30.7, glucose=106, serum Na+=121 mEq/L, K+=4.3,
BUN/Cr= 7.0/0.4. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-diuretic Hormone (SIADH)
B. Diabetic ketoacidosis
C. Diabetes Insipidus
D. Compensated diastolic congestive heart failure
SIADH
Leo is a 40-year-old male who presents to the clinic with complaints of shortness of breath
while doing yard work. He states he has had worsening of the shortness of breath
throughout the summer. He states when he was younger, he had shortness of breath and
coughed a lot at night. He was given an inhaler for a few years, but he hasn't had any
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trouble since he was about nine years old. Which findings are most suggestive of a
diagnosis of asthma?
A. Dry cough during exam, respiratory rate of 20 breaths/minute, and wheezing upon
auscultation of posterior lower lung lobes.
B. Dry cough noted during the exam, Sp02=96%, FEV1 <80% predicted, and FEV1 increased
15% after administration of a short-acting bronchodilator.
C. Bilateral wheezing noted on auscultation, Sp02=95%, and heart rate of 86
D. Pale, boggy nasal turbinates, dry cough, FEV1 <80% predicted and FEV1 increased 5%
after administration of a short-acting broncho
Dry cough noted during exam, Sp02=96%, FEV1 <80% predicted, and FEV1 increased 15%
after administration of short acting bronchodilator.
Which of the following symptoms is generally NOT considered a typical finding in someone
with active tuberculosis infection?
A. Weight loss
B. Fever in the morning
C. Night sweats
D. Hemoptysis
Fever in the morning
A 43-year-old female presents to the clinic with a 2-day history of cough and fever. She
states that she has felt tired for the past couple of weeks. Past medical history is
unremarkable. On physical examination, she appears ill and has a persistent cough,
productive of purulent sputum. She has crackles in her right posterior chest. BP=126/74,
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NUR 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM
(WALDEN) – 150+ Q&A (2026 A+ GUIDE)
A 72-year-old female with a known cardiac history of coronary artery disease presents to
the emergency room following a syncopal episode. She received a stent to the right
coronary artery in 2017 and was noted to have an ejection fraction of 40% at that time. A 12
lead ECG reveals a regular rhythm with a rate of 35. What is the most likely cause of her
bradycardia?
A. Blocked pathway at or below the AV node
B. Blocked pathway at or below the SA node
C. Reentry pathway at or near the SA node
D. Reentry pathway at or near the AV node
Blocked pathway at or below the AV node
A 43-year-old female is ten years post prosthetic aortic valve replacement secondary to
infective endocarditis. Which of the following valvular conditions would be an expected
finding?
A. Paravalvular leak
B. Aortic stenosis
C. Aortic valve embolization
D. Aortic regurgitation
Aortic stenosis
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A 50-year-old male is admitted an acute myocardial infarction. His ejection fraction is
noted to be 30%. He develops shortness of breath and his physical exam reveals crackles
bilaterally. The bedside CXR indicates pulmonary edema. Which of the following best
describes the pathological cause of the edema?
A. Increased hydrostatic pressure
B. Decreased plasma osmotic pressure
C. Increased cardiac output
D. Decreased central venous pressure
Increased hydrostatic pressure
The direction of blood flow and the clinical severity of symptoms in Tetralogy of Fallot is
determined primarily by the:
A. Presence of an atrial septal defect
B. Diameter of the tricuspid valve
C. Size of the left ventricle
D. Degree of pulmonary stenosis
Degree of Pulmonary stenosis
A 36-year-old female presents to the ED with the chief complaint of acute SOB and anxiety
that started suddenly 2 to 3 hours ago while she was working around the house. She denies
chest pain. Her PMH is unremarkable. She takes oral contraceptives, but no other
medications. Vital signs are temperature=99.1, RR=34, BP=148/90, pulse=100. Oxygen
saturation is 94% on room air. Laboratory tests reveal WBC=7.1, Hgb=12.2, Hct=37.3,
Na+=138, K+=4.7, Cl=109, HCO3=25, BUN=14, Cr=0.9, glucose=106. ABGs are obtained
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and reveal pH=7.52, HCO3=20, PaCO2=26, PaO2=70. CXR and ECG are normal. What type
of acid base disorder does the patient suffer from?
A. Respiratory alkalosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
A 65-year-old male is brought for care by his wife because of headache, nausea, and
fatigue. PMH is significant for small cell carcinoma of the lung diagnosed approximately 2
years ago. He also has a history of TIA (6 years ago) and mild CHF. Vital signs are as follow:
temperature=99.8F, RR=18, BP=140/88, pulse=76. On examination, he is awake but
somewhat lethargic. Physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory tests reveal the
following: WBC=8.3, Hgb/Hct=10.2/30.7, glucose=106, serum Na+=121 mEq/L, K+=4.3,
BUN/Cr= 7.0/0.4. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-diuretic Hormone (SIADH)
B. Diabetic ketoacidosis
C. Diabetes Insipidus
D. Compensated diastolic congestive heart failure
SIADH
Leo is a 40-year-old male who presents to the clinic with complaints of shortness of breath
while doing yard work. He states he has had worsening of the shortness of breath
throughout the summer. He states when he was younger, he had shortness of breath and
coughed a lot at night. He was given an inhaler for a few years, but he hasn't had any
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trouble since he was about nine years old. Which findings are most suggestive of a
diagnosis of asthma?
A. Dry cough during exam, respiratory rate of 20 breaths/minute, and wheezing upon
auscultation of posterior lower lung lobes.
B. Dry cough noted during the exam, Sp02=96%, FEV1 <80% predicted, and FEV1 increased
15% after administration of a short-acting bronchodilator.
C. Bilateral wheezing noted on auscultation, Sp02=95%, and heart rate of 86
D. Pale, boggy nasal turbinates, dry cough, FEV1 <80% predicted and FEV1 increased 5%
after administration of a short-acting broncho
Dry cough noted during exam, Sp02=96%, FEV1 <80% predicted, and FEV1 increased 15%
after administration of short acting bronchodilator.
Which of the following symptoms is generally NOT considered a typical finding in someone
with active tuberculosis infection?
A. Weight loss
B. Fever in the morning
C. Night sweats
D. Hemoptysis
Fever in the morning
A 43-year-old female presents to the clinic with a 2-day history of cough and fever. She
states that she has felt tired for the past couple of weeks. Past medical history is
unremarkable. On physical examination, she appears ill and has a persistent cough,
productive of purulent sputum. She has crackles in her right posterior chest. BP=126/74,
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