PNB 2265
PNB 2265 EXAM 2 |Study Questions and
Answers| Grade A+ 2026
Non-Specific (innate) Immune System Analogy
Bank wall to keep robbers out
Specific (adaptive) Immune System Analogy
Surveillance camera to identify specific bank robber
Role of Immune Responses
Defend/protect against infection by microbes, immune surveillance, elimination of
damaged cells
Negative Aspect of Immune
Allergies/hypersensitivity, autoimmune diseases, and organ transplant reactions
Microbes
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, other parasites (specific immune protects against this)
Non-Specific Defenses
(Protect against foreign matter without having to specifically recognize its identity)
Physical barriers, phagocytes, immunological surveillance, interferons,
complement system, inflammatory response, fever
Physical Barriers
Prevent approach and deny access to pathogens (epithelium, secretions, duct of
sweat gland, hair, skin and mucous membranes, variety of protective chemicals,
ciliated mucosa, acidity of the skin, gastric HCl, enzymes, lysozyme of saliva
PNB 2265
,PNB 2265
Phagocytes
Remove debris and pathogens (fixed macrophage, neutrophil, free macrophage,
eosinophil, monocyte)
Immunological Surveillance
Destroys abnormal cells, for example NK cells attach to abnormal cells and lyse
them
Interferons
Increase resistance of cells to viral infection (slow/INTERFERE with the spread of a
disease),
-interferons are released by activated lymphocytes, macrophages, or virus-
infected cells
Complement System
(Series of enzymes( Attacks and breaks down cell walls, attracts phagocytes
-For ex, a bunch of complement attaches to the cell wall of a pathogen and then
lyses it
Inflammatory Response
Multiple effects
-Blood flow increased
-Phagocytes activated
-Increased capillary permeability
-Complement activated
-Clotting reaction walls of the region
-Regional temperature increased
-Specific defenses activated
Chemical Alarms Released into ECF that Medicate Inflammation
Histamines, Kinins, Prostaglandins, Complement, Other Cytokines
PNB 2265
,PNB 2265
Histamines
Released by mast cells, promote vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
Kinins
(Ex. Bradykinin) Cleaved from kininogin protein, similar effects to histamine but
also induces CHEMOTAXIS OF LEUKS and stimulate neutrophils to RELEASE
ENZYME that then generate more kinins, INDUCE PAIN
Prostaglandins
Make BV more sensitized to effects of the other inflammatory mediators and
INDUCE PAIN
Complement
Protein that lyses microorganisms, enhances phagocytosis by opsonization,
intensifies inflammatory response
Other Cytokines
Mediators/signals for inflammation, play roles in specific defense mechanisms
Opsonins
Proteins that attract phagocytosis
Fever
Mobilizes defenses, accelerates repairs, inhibits pathogens (body temp rises above
37.2 in response to pathogens), increases metabolic rate of cells
Lymphatic System Consists of
Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues, lymphoid organs
PNB 2265
, PNB 2265
Lymph
A colorless fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes the tissues and drains
through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream
Lymphatic Vessels
Carry lymph, capillaries are blind-ended located at vascular capillary beds, can be
afferent and efferent
Primary Lymphoid Organs
Thymus and bone marrow ("lymphoid tissue")
Thymus
Primary lymphoid organ where T lymphocytes mature
Bone Marrow
Primary lymphoid organ that produces all lymphocytes, where the B cells amture
Functions of the Lymphatic System
Body fluid homeostasis and immune system
Lymph Nodes
Capsule of fibrous tissue, partitions (differentiated from nodules), where 99% of
antigens are removed and processed (FILTERS), contain macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Found in certain tissues, if activated migrate to lymph nodes to present antigen
Lymphatic Nodules
PNB 2265
PNB 2265 EXAM 2 |Study Questions and
Answers| Grade A+ 2026
Non-Specific (innate) Immune System Analogy
Bank wall to keep robbers out
Specific (adaptive) Immune System Analogy
Surveillance camera to identify specific bank robber
Role of Immune Responses
Defend/protect against infection by microbes, immune surveillance, elimination of
damaged cells
Negative Aspect of Immune
Allergies/hypersensitivity, autoimmune diseases, and organ transplant reactions
Microbes
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, other parasites (specific immune protects against this)
Non-Specific Defenses
(Protect against foreign matter without having to specifically recognize its identity)
Physical barriers, phagocytes, immunological surveillance, interferons,
complement system, inflammatory response, fever
Physical Barriers
Prevent approach and deny access to pathogens (epithelium, secretions, duct of
sweat gland, hair, skin and mucous membranes, variety of protective chemicals,
ciliated mucosa, acidity of the skin, gastric HCl, enzymes, lysozyme of saliva
PNB 2265
,PNB 2265
Phagocytes
Remove debris and pathogens (fixed macrophage, neutrophil, free macrophage,
eosinophil, monocyte)
Immunological Surveillance
Destroys abnormal cells, for example NK cells attach to abnormal cells and lyse
them
Interferons
Increase resistance of cells to viral infection (slow/INTERFERE with the spread of a
disease),
-interferons are released by activated lymphocytes, macrophages, or virus-
infected cells
Complement System
(Series of enzymes( Attacks and breaks down cell walls, attracts phagocytes
-For ex, a bunch of complement attaches to the cell wall of a pathogen and then
lyses it
Inflammatory Response
Multiple effects
-Blood flow increased
-Phagocytes activated
-Increased capillary permeability
-Complement activated
-Clotting reaction walls of the region
-Regional temperature increased
-Specific defenses activated
Chemical Alarms Released into ECF that Medicate Inflammation
Histamines, Kinins, Prostaglandins, Complement, Other Cytokines
PNB 2265
,PNB 2265
Histamines
Released by mast cells, promote vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
Kinins
(Ex. Bradykinin) Cleaved from kininogin protein, similar effects to histamine but
also induces CHEMOTAXIS OF LEUKS and stimulate neutrophils to RELEASE
ENZYME that then generate more kinins, INDUCE PAIN
Prostaglandins
Make BV more sensitized to effects of the other inflammatory mediators and
INDUCE PAIN
Complement
Protein that lyses microorganisms, enhances phagocytosis by opsonization,
intensifies inflammatory response
Other Cytokines
Mediators/signals for inflammation, play roles in specific defense mechanisms
Opsonins
Proteins that attract phagocytosis
Fever
Mobilizes defenses, accelerates repairs, inhibits pathogens (body temp rises above
37.2 in response to pathogens), increases metabolic rate of cells
Lymphatic System Consists of
Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues, lymphoid organs
PNB 2265
, PNB 2265
Lymph
A colorless fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes the tissues and drains
through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream
Lymphatic Vessels
Carry lymph, capillaries are blind-ended located at vascular capillary beds, can be
afferent and efferent
Primary Lymphoid Organs
Thymus and bone marrow ("lymphoid tissue")
Thymus
Primary lymphoid organ where T lymphocytes mature
Bone Marrow
Primary lymphoid organ that produces all lymphocytes, where the B cells amture
Functions of the Lymphatic System
Body fluid homeostasis and immune system
Lymph Nodes
Capsule of fibrous tissue, partitions (differentiated from nodules), where 99% of
antigens are removed and processed (FILTERS), contain macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Found in certain tissues, if activated migrate to lymph nodes to present antigen
Lymphatic Nodules
PNB 2265
