SPMT 260 QUIZ 1 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

SPMT 260 QUIZ 1 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 management structures - Answers "building blocks" • Clubs • Leagues • Professional tournaments primary theme - Answers Structures grow in response to broad social changes and/or to address specific social issues secondary themes - Answers • Honest play • Inclusion: "Who gets to play?" who gets to play? - Answers • Defined by who has the "power" in society • Eugenics movement • Legal racial segregation • Ideology of white racial superiority the club system, england - Answers • Birthplace of modern sport and sport management the club system, eighteenth century - Answers • English aristocracy developed exclusive sport clubs with limited membership the club system, nineteenth century - Answers • Continued club evolution with standardizing rules, settling disputes, and organizing schedules thoroughbred racing audience - Answers • Races drew broad and diverse audience • No admission charged thoroughbred racing club system - Answers • Initially local club system • Racing existed for entertainment only, not financial gain; prestige more important • Need for more complex club system because: • Desire of owners to breed and train fast horses • Increasing complexity of gambling thoroughbred racing 1830s - Answers Rail system allowed national competition thoroughbred racing gambling - Answers • Gambling provided entertainment and tangible evidence of horses' ability and ensured honest competition the jokey club established - Answers around 1750 the jockey club - Answers • Settled disputes, established rules, determined eligibility, designated officials, regulated breeding, and punished unscrupulous participants • Organized, sponsored, and promoted local events • Met need for a strong national governing body to establish rules, standards, mechanisms for resolving disputes, and innovations to the sport • Served as model for wider sport management practices in England with rugby, cricket, and boxing modern olympic games - Answers • International club event with little resemblance to ancient Olympic Games first modern olympics - Answers held in 1896 in Athens, but the revival can be traced back to at least 1850 with club-based Olympic festivals in England modern olympic games founder - Answers • Founder Pierre de Coubertin was inspired by English revivals and Victorian notions of character building and peace movements through sport modern olympic games introduced concept of - Answers amateur Olympic Games competition hosted every 4 years Present-Day Club Structure - Answers • Commitment to serve broad membership and manage elite sport enterprise • No longer just local; international expansion • Clubs organize youth teams and academies, adult recreational leagues, and social events for members • Large built-in memberships and loyal fan bases Present-Day Club Structure Characterized by - Answers • Characterized by nonprofit status and exclusive membership. - Ex: Augusta National and male-only membership The European club system resembles the US league system how? - Answers • European club system resembling U.S. league system: owners, business, entertainment, and profit (present day club structure) ______ club system did not suit the US. why? - Answers -european club system • Lack of aristocratic tradition, gambling prohibited • League structure arose out of harness racing American Structures, better ___ sport than thoroughbred racing - Answers • Better spectator sport than thoroughbred racing • Sprint vs. 4-mile race; horses could compete daily; large field of competitors american structures managed by - Answers • Managed by track owners and race promoters • Willing to create spectator interest for sport american structures, issues emerged such as - Answers • Issues emerged such as fixing races and management lacking credibility = loss of fan trust and popularity first sport to adopt league system - Answers baseball first pro team - Answers Cincinnati Red Stockings pay in leagues - Answers • Some teams in the league paid players and some did not, creating controversy and eventually pro league 1871 leagues - Answers • 1871: Creation of National Association of Professional Baseball Players (pro league) leagues initially - Answers • Initially lacked leadership and was financially unstable william hulbert - Answers • Provided leadership and stability to new league; became "Czar of baseball" william hulbert 1876 - Answers • 1876: Took over management of National League of Professional Baseball Players william hulbert believed stability - Answers • Believed stability achieved only if teams were run like businesses william hulbert believed teams should - Answers • Teams should compete against each other and owners could not collude william hulbert understood that - Answers • Hulbert understood that without strict rules forcing honest competition, collusion would occur hulbert believed that owners must - Answers • Hulbert also believed that owners must take some financial risk • Owners must field competitive teams to be profitable hulbert believed abandoning seasons early - Answers • Abandoning seasons early to prevent losses in short term eroded long-term faith of public hulbert believed integrity of baseball was suspect as long as - Answers • Integrity of baseball was suspect as long as the players' honesty was questionable hulbert gambling - Answers • Gambling prohibited and ticket prices raised early success of national league - Answers • Excitement of pennant race • Honoring contracts (reserve system) • Favorable media attention • Appealed to fans' loyalty and pride in their cities • Early form of revenue sharing • Rules that distributed talent leagues today - Answers • Successful contemporary commercial sport leagues depend on consolidated league play with strong centralized control and regulation • Audience has changed • Public's perception of locus of honest effort resides more with the players than with ownership structure • Single-entity structures: MLS and WNBA Successful contemporary commercial sport leagues depend on - Answers consolidated league play with strong centralized control and regulation today, public's perception of locus of honest effort resides more with - Answers the players than with ownership structure early professional golf - Answers • Golf professionals were instructors and caddies • Professional leagues failed to capture public interest or attract golf professionals • Attempts to generate gate revenues at tournaments failed • Stability of tournaments was achieved when prize money was put up by companies and corporate sponsors fred corcoran - Answers Architect of golf tournament fred corcoran created - Answers • Created the financially "self-sufficient" golf event corcoran's tournaments - Answers • Tournament was a medium through which celebrity, politician, manufacturer, charity, town, or product gained exposure • Used athletes and golf tournaments to sell advertising space to the public Bing Crosby and Bob Hope - Answers • Bing Crosby and Bob Hope created charity golf tournaments in pro-am format for WWII fundraising Corcoran's Tournaments Continue after World War II Ends - Answers • Good business = tax deductions • Charities encourage volunteers and good publicity for tournaments • Golf equipment manufacturers paid Corcoran to create golfer association and arrange tournaments using prize money as player payments to reduce cost of hiring player representatives • 1950s press changes policy and begins naming tournament sponsor, not location = free publicity golf tournaments today - Answers • Golf tournaments have evolved into corporate celebrations of golf and products • The medium through which a person, community, or corporation can buy exposure • PGA Tour viewed as private group; set eligibility • Associations not as exclusive as private clubs (e.g., the Casey Martin case) • Trend of event management moving away from nonprofit private associations and toward marketing agencies and/or broadcast media (e.g., ESPN X Games) PGA tour viewed as - Answers private group; set eligibility Trend of event management moving - Answers • Trend of event management moving away from nonprofit private associations and toward marketing agencies and/or broadcast media (e.g., ESPN X Games) female contributions in ancient times - Answers • Heraean Games: Competition for unmarried girls, administered by women female contributions in modern times - Answers • Effa Manley of Newark Eagles (Negro League) • Billie Jean King (WTT, WSF) • Judy Sweet and Christine Grant (NCAA) Women making impact in current sport industry - Answers • Kim Ng (Major League Baseball) • Heidi Ueberroth (NBA International) • Lesa France Kennedy (NASCAR) • Stephanie Tolleson (IMG) • Buffy Filipell (TeamWork Online) • Annette Akins (NIRSA) • Many others both past and present effa manley - Answers newark eagles (negro league) billie jean king - Answers WTT, WSF judy sweet and christine grant - Answers ncaa kim ng - Answers major league baseball heidi ueberrroth - Answers nba international lesa france kennedy - Answers NASCAR stephanie tolleson - Answers IMG buffy filipell - Answers teamwork online annette akins - Answers NIRSA Academic Field: First Programs - Answers • Continuing growth of sport industry and its importance to numerous sponsors and institutions created demand for the systematic study of sport management practices academic field, 1957 - Answers • 1957: Walter O'Malley (Brooklyn Dodgers) and James Mason discuss the idea academic field, 1966 - Answers • 1966: Ohio University created first master's degree program in sport management academic field, late 1960s - Answers • Late 1960s: Biscayne College (now St. Thomas University) and St. John's University founded undergraduate sport management programs academic field, 1971 - Answers • 1971: University of Massachusetts-Amherst started the second master's program in 1971 academic field, by 1985 - Answers • By 1985: • 40 undergraduate sport management programs • 32 graduate sport management programs academic field, today - Answers • Today: • More than 350 programs internationally • North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM) established to create curricular standards to promote quality academic programs • Commission on Sport Management Accreditation (COSMA) created to promote and recognize excellence in sport management education The sport industry demands managers who - Answers • The sport industry demands managers who understand the historical complexity of the profession three cornerstone sport structures that evolved in response to changes in broader social structures - Answers • Clubs, leagues, and tournaments are three cornerstone sport structures that evolved in response to changes in broader social structures COSMA has been established to - Answers • COSMA has been established to maintain excellence in this fast-emerging discipline known as sport management Goal of sport managers - Answers • To get workers to do what the manager wants in an efficient and cost-effective manner Management theory evolved through two phases - Answers • Scientific management • Human relations movement Use of organizational behavior, today - Answers • Study and application of the human side of management and organizations Scientific Management - Answers • "Taylorism" • Workers should not be doing the same job different ways, but instead in the "one best way" (most efficient way) • Manager can get workers to perform job the "best way" by enticing them with economic rewards human relations movement - Answers • Hawthorne studies: Social factors in the workplace were important, and job satisfaction and output depended more on cooperation and a feeling of worth than on physical working conditions • Mary Parker Follett: Believed that effective, motivational management existed in partnership and cooperation Hawthorne studies - Answers • Hawthorne studies: Social factors in the workplace were important, and job satisfaction and output depended more on cooperation and a feeling of worth than on physical working conditions Mary Parker Follett: - Answers • Mary Parker Follett: Believed that effective, motivational management existed in partnership and cooperation Organizational Behavior - Answers • Study and application of human side of management • Better human resources = "competitive advantage" organizational behavior includes dealing with - Answers • Includes dealing with modern changes • Downsizing • Globalization • Information technology • Diversity better human resources - Answers • Better human resources = "competitive advantage" -organizational behavior Functional Areas of Management - Answers • Sport managers must perform in a number of functional areas and execute various activities in fulfilling the demands of their jobs • Key areas = planning, organizing, leading, and evaluating • This list is not comprehensive because organizations are constantly evolving Functional Areas: Planning - Answers • Planning: Defining organizational goals and determining the appropriate means by which to achieve these desired goals • Setting "course of action" for the sport organization • Organizational plans change and evolve • Should not be viewed as "set in stone"; adjustable • Managers must participate in both short-term and long-term planning Functional Areas: Organizing - Answers • Organizing: Putting plans into action; manager determines what types of jobs are needed and who will perform them • Developing an organizational chart • Developing position descriptions • Developing position qualifications • Staffing (Selection, orientation, training, and development of staff members) Functional Areas: Leading - Answers • Leading: "Action" part of the management process • Delegation • Involves assigning responsibility and accountability for results to employees • Managers must manage any differences or changes that may take place in organization • Managers handle conflicts, work problems, or communication difficulties; stimulate creativity; and motivate employees Functional Areas: Evaluating - Answers • Evaluating: Measuring and ensuring progress toward organizational objectives • Progress is accomplished by the employees effectively carrying out their duties • Establish reporting systems, develop performance standards, compare employee performance to set standards, and design reward systems Key Skills: People Skills - Answers • Sport management industry is a "people-intensive" industry • Interaction with unique clientele • Must be able to treat all people fairly, ethically, and with respect Key Skills: Communication - Answers • Knowing how to say something to another person is equally as important as knowing what to say to another person • Answering each question professionally and courteously wins a lifelong fan • Sport managers must be able to treat all people fairly, ethically, and with respect • Sport managers are often asked to give speeches • Sport managers must be able to write in many different styles Key Skills: Managing Diversity - Answers • Diversity: Differences between individuals, such as age, race, gender, sexual orientation, disability, education, and social background • Women and minorities are still underrepresented in managerial positions in the sport industry • More women, people of color, and people with disabilities needed as managers in sport industry • Employment process • Recruitment, screening, selection, retention, promotion, and ending employment Key Skills: Managing Technology - Answers • Usage of technology in the sport industry • Example: Customer data collection and advanced ticket systems • The importance of social media in promoting athletes, teams, and products • Usage of technology in the workplace • Example: Video conferencing and multimedia presentations • Computerized ticketing systems such as M-ticketing, Spectra, and Prologue • CRM models such as SalesForce or Microsoft Dynamics to capture consumer tendencies Key Skills: Decision Making - Answers • Gathering and analyzing information • Classic model of decision making: • Define problem • Generate alternatives • Evaluate alternatives • Select best alternative • Participative decision making: • Employees or members of the organization participate in the actual decision-making process • Group decision making should be used when: • More ideas need to be generated • There is a great deal of information to share • Alternative perspectives are needed • The fairness of the decision is highly valued Classic model of decision making - Answers • Define problem • Generate alternatives • Evaluate alternatives • Select best alternative Participative decision making - Answers • Employees or members of the organization participate in the actual decision-making process Group decision making should be used when: - Answers • More ideas need to be generated • There is a great deal of information to share • Alternative perspectives are needed • The fairness of the decision is highly valued