CLAS 220 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

CLAS 220 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Lecture 1, Introduction - Answers Mythos vs. Logos, Originally - Answers -Mythos: authoritative story about the world -Logos: just one of many stories; not authoritative Mythos vs. Logos, Later - Answers -Mythos: marked as "not true" -Logos: marked as true, not because it works, but because it's right What is a myth? - Answers -an authoritative story about the world, accepted within a given community as true -can take many different forms and variations -majority of Greek and Roman myth comes from literary texts Origins of myth - Answers -personifying/explaining natural forces -psychological forces -memorable historical events What is ritual? - Answers -regularly recurring action -done for its symbolic value -special places, times, words, objects, people -set apart from daily life -ex. Thanksgiving dinner What is religion? - Answers -Religion=myth + ritual -myth explains ritual, and gives it a context -ritual brings myth into the here-and-now -no word for religion in Greek or Latin because it's not separable from the rest of life (myth/ritual are part of life) Panhellenic - Answers All Greek Polis - Answers city-state The most important aspect of local religion is: - Answers the hero Lecture 2, The Goddesses: The Homeric Hymns - Answers Hera - Answers -wife of Zeus (and sister) -Goddess of marriage -represented seducing her husband -always seeking vengeance for husband's infidelities -Mother Ares, Hephaestus, and minor deities Hebe (youth) and Eileithyia (childbirth) Demeter - Answers -name makes her a mother-goddess -Goddess of grain and of the harvest -daughter, Persephone, becomes queen of the underworld Athena - Answers -Goddess of the city (Athens), crafts, the olive tree, civilization, cunning -Virgin goddess -daughter of Zeus and Metis, who was foretold to bear a child more powerful than her father. -Zeus swallows Metis and Athena is born out of Zeus' head, fully armed Artemis - Answers -Goddess of sacrifice, sometimes associated with Moon. -Mistress of the Animals, huntress -associated with the moments of initiation in the lives of young women (menstruation, childbirth) -twin sister Apollo Aphrodite - Answers -Goddess of love/beauty -some say she was born in the sea from severed genitals of Cronus; Homer says she's the daughter of Zeus -Son is Eros (Roman Cupid) -Judgement of Paris: Aphrodite wins over Hera and Athena Hestia - Answers -Goddess of the hearth -sister to Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hades, Demeter -virgin-the hearth tended by the girls of the house Homeric Hymn to Demeter, Themes - Answers Agricultural cycle, Marriage (initiation) = death, mysteries and ritual Homeric Hymn to Demeter, Triptolemus - Answers -Human who Demeter teaches agriculture and mysteries Homeric Hymn to Demeter, Thesmophoria - Answers -secret agricultural festival -held in October -women-only -three days long Homeric Hymn to Demeter, Demophon - Answers Demeter disguises herself as on old woman and King Celeus hires her to nurse his son Demophon. Demeter tries to make him immortal. His mother finds out and freaks out so he cannot be immortal but will get klos and mock battle festival. Parallels with Persophone Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite: The example of Tithonus - Answers Eos, the goddess of the dawn, falls in love with a trojan prince and asks Zeus to grant him eternal life but forgets to ask for eternal youth. His son, Memnon, becomes one of Achilles rivals at the end of the Iliad Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite: Anchieses and Rome - Answers Anchises and Aphrodite have a son who will rule among the trojans but there is no room for kings in Troy after the Trojan war. Romans make Anchises' son, Aeneas, flee Troy and head to Italy where he found what will become Rome in Virgil's Aeneid Lecture 3, The Gods: The Homeric Hymns - Answers Monotheism vs. Polytheism - Answers -Monotheism: one god, often abstract, maybe even unrepresentable -Polytheistic: many gods, divine forces of various kinds, different functions, much more human in behavior Gaia and Uranus - Answers -Mother Earth and Father Sky -Gaia born of Chaos, creates Uranus as her husband -birth 12 titans, youngest son, Cronus, becomes his father's rival and castrates him Cronos and Rhea - Answers Cronos eats his children but Rhea saves the youngest (Zeus) and feeds her husband a stone instead. Zeus returns and rescues his brothers and sisters. Rhea is associated with the Great Mother Goddess Zeus - Answers Son of Cronos and Rhea, King of Gods, Father of Heroes and Gods, God of clouds, thunder, lightning, and rain, god of oaths and councils, god of victory and justice, god of hosts and guests Poseidon - Answers Brother of Zeus, God of the Sea, Earthquakes, horses, bulls. Divides universe with brothers (Zeus-heavens, hades-underworld), Archenemy of Odysseus Dionysus - Answers Son of Zeus and mortal Semele (born from Zeus' thigh), God of wine and it's consequences. Young, slightly effeminate, but powerful. Good worship- moderate drinking, theater bad worship- maenads Myths about humans who deny him Apollo - Answers Son of Zeus and mortal Leto, twin of Artemis. Greek ideal of young masculinity, god of the transition into manhood and is sometimes connected to the sun. Hunting, archery, plagues, healing, music. Ares - Answers Son of Zeus and Hera, god of war (going berserk). Violent, moody, cowardly, whiny, dark side of war Hephaestus - Answers blacksmith god, son of Hera, lame and target of divine laughter, married to Aphrodite, makes armor of Achilles in the Iliad Hermes - Answers Son of Zeus and Mala, messenger, trickster, thief, herdsman, invents lyre and fire, steals Apollo's cattle, god of boundaries (life and death, between properties, adolescent masculinity) Hades - Answers King of the Underworld, groom of persephone, associated with wealth, rarely spoken of Homeric Hymn to Apollo - Answers Zeus impregnates Leto but no land on earth will allow her to give birth until Delos does Homeric Hymn to Hermes - Answers Animal sacrifice, two songs of Hermes, bribe the bee maidens and they sing the truth Homeric Hymn to Dionysus - Answers Kidnapped, many people deny his power as a god What is the name of Demeter's daughter? - Answers Persephone Who kidnaps Persephone? (Demeter's daughter) - Answers Hades What is the name of the mortal man Aphrodite falls in love with? - Answers Anchises What is the name of Apollo's birthplace? - Answers Delos Who owns the cattle stolen by Hermes on the day of his birth? - Answers Apollo Lecture 4: Heroes, Philostratus, Heroikos - Answers What is the name of the hero buried near Troy who is discussed in the Heroics? a. Philomela b. Protesilaus c. Philoctetes d. Penthesilea - Answers b. Which of the following groups does Protesilaus help? a. Athletes b. People with eye diseases c. Young couples in love d. All of the above - Answers d. Olympian - Answers to do with the heavens, and what is above earth Chthonic - Answers to do with what is beneath the earth; with death and fertility Olympian deities - Answers the 12 olympians gods Chthonic deities - Answers Demeter/Persephone, Dionysus, Hades, the furies, heroes What is a Greek hero? - Answers Unseasonal, extreme, antagonistic relationship with a god Olbios - Answers Happy, Blessed Kleos - Answers Fame, songs and stories about that fame (epic poetry), worship as a hero-- In the Greek world, it is one's way to outlast death Philostratus, Heroikos - Answers dialogue b/w a Phoenician traveler and a vinedresser who works at the tomb of Protesilaus, a young man who was just married and was the first Greek solider to die off the ships at Troy. Buried in a garden. Regularly comes back to life to practice athletics, give advice to athletes and young lovers, and prohibit adultery (dog bite) Hero-Cult Facts - Answers 1. Local 2. Every character is potentially a hero 3. Hero and tomb provided fertility and prosperity to community 4. Worshipped, kept happy, and brought back to life through animal sacrifice and libations 5. What goes wrong in myth is what will go right because of ritual Major Heroes of the Iliad - Answers Achilles, Agamemnon, Menelaus, Helen, Paris, Hector, Andromache, Priam and Hecuba The Iliad - Answers Who is the chief hero of the Iliad? a. Aeneas b. Anchises c. Achilles d. Agamemnon - Answers c. Who is Chryseis? a. Achilles' sister b. Agamemnon's captive woman c. Menelaus' wife d. Hector's mother - Answers b. What is the name of Achilles' mother? a. Deidamia b. Thyrsus c. Demeter d. Thetis - Answers d. What is epic? - Answers poetry in a particular form usually about gods and heroes What is epic metre? - Answers Dactylic hexameter Cypria - Answers Wedding of Peleus and Thetis, Judgement of Paris, Abduction of Helen, Gathering of heroes for battle, first nine years of the war Aethiopis - Answers Achilles defeats Penthisiela, the Amazon queen. Achilles defeats Memnon, ethiopian son of Eos the dawn goddess, Achilles killed by Paris with Apollo's help The Little Iliad - Answers Ajax and Odysseus fight for Achilles Armor and Odysseus wins. Ajax goes mad and commits suicide, Odysseus gives armor to Achilles' son Neoptolemus, the trojan horse is built The Sack of Troy - Answers The trojans take the horse in and troy is destroyed What's NOT in the Iliad - Answers Judgement of Paris, Over 90% of the war, death of achilles, trojan horse, fall of troy