NR565 FINAL EXAM NR565 WEEK 8 2025 REVIEW EXAMPLIFY
ONLINE PROCTORED EXAM COMPLETE 100 ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS NR-565 ADVANCED
PHARMACOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS | 100% PASS GUARANTEED
| GRADED A+ |
Criteria for dx DM
Fasting plasma glucose greater than 126
Random plasma glucose greater than 200
Oral glucose tolerance test greater than 200
HgA1c at or greater than 6.5%
What drug class should be considered for DM before insulin
Biguanide (Metformin)
Action of Insulin
Synthesized in pancreas, primary metabolic action is anabolic. Promotes conservation of energy
and buildup of energy stores like glycogen.
MOA Sulfonylureas
by stimulating release of insulin from pancreatic islets. If pancreas is not capable of insulin
synthesis, they will not be effective. thus, cannot use on DM1 only DM2
Glinides MOA
by stimulating release of insulin from pancreatic islets. If pancreas is not capable of insulin
synthesis, they will not be effective. thus, cannot use on DM1 only DM2
Thiazolidinediones (TZD) MOA
Decrease glucose levels primarily by decreasing insulin resistance
Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors MOA
, blocks reabsorption of filtered glucose and creates glucose urea. Action is primary useful in DM2
when trying to improve glycemic control
dipeptidy peptidase 4 inhibitors (gliptins) (DPP-4) MOA
promote glycemic control by enhancing actions of incretin hormones. It modestly decreases A1c
Incretin hormone
gut peptide secreted after nutrient intake and stimulates insulin production. Together with
hyperglycemia, glucose dependent insulin tropic polypeptide and GLP-1 are known as the
incretin hormones from upper and lower gut. Together they are responsible for incretin effect
which is a 2-3 fold higher insulin secretory response vs oral or IV glucose.
Note people with DM2 the incretin effect is diminished or no longer present.
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) MOA
by augmenting the effects of incretin hormones GLP-1 and other incretins are released from
cells of GI tract after a meal. Incretins activate receptors for GLP-1 and slow gastric emptying,
stimulate glucose dependent release of insulin and inhibits postprandial release of glucagon and
suppresses appetite.
What drug class is most likely to cause hypoglycemia
Sulfonylureas, insulin, meglitinides, amylin analogues, Glinides, Glipins
Drug class less likley to cause hypoglycemia
Metformin, incretin mimetics, DPP-4, TZD
Biguanidies ex
metformin
GLP-1 ex
Trulicity, Ozempic, Victoza
SGLT2-i ex
Invokana, Farxiga, Jardiance
DPP-4 ex
Januvia, onglyza, Tradjenta, Nesina
TZD ex
ONLINE PROCTORED EXAM COMPLETE 100 ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS NR-565 ADVANCED
PHARMACOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS | 100% PASS GUARANTEED
| GRADED A+ |
Criteria for dx DM
Fasting plasma glucose greater than 126
Random plasma glucose greater than 200
Oral glucose tolerance test greater than 200
HgA1c at or greater than 6.5%
What drug class should be considered for DM before insulin
Biguanide (Metformin)
Action of Insulin
Synthesized in pancreas, primary metabolic action is anabolic. Promotes conservation of energy
and buildup of energy stores like glycogen.
MOA Sulfonylureas
by stimulating release of insulin from pancreatic islets. If pancreas is not capable of insulin
synthesis, they will not be effective. thus, cannot use on DM1 only DM2
Glinides MOA
by stimulating release of insulin from pancreatic islets. If pancreas is not capable of insulin
synthesis, they will not be effective. thus, cannot use on DM1 only DM2
Thiazolidinediones (TZD) MOA
Decrease glucose levels primarily by decreasing insulin resistance
Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors MOA
, blocks reabsorption of filtered glucose and creates glucose urea. Action is primary useful in DM2
when trying to improve glycemic control
dipeptidy peptidase 4 inhibitors (gliptins) (DPP-4) MOA
promote glycemic control by enhancing actions of incretin hormones. It modestly decreases A1c
Incretin hormone
gut peptide secreted after nutrient intake and stimulates insulin production. Together with
hyperglycemia, glucose dependent insulin tropic polypeptide and GLP-1 are known as the
incretin hormones from upper and lower gut. Together they are responsible for incretin effect
which is a 2-3 fold higher insulin secretory response vs oral or IV glucose.
Note people with DM2 the incretin effect is diminished or no longer present.
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) MOA
by augmenting the effects of incretin hormones GLP-1 and other incretins are released from
cells of GI tract after a meal. Incretins activate receptors for GLP-1 and slow gastric emptying,
stimulate glucose dependent release of insulin and inhibits postprandial release of glucagon and
suppresses appetite.
What drug class is most likely to cause hypoglycemia
Sulfonylureas, insulin, meglitinides, amylin analogues, Glinides, Glipins
Drug class less likley to cause hypoglycemia
Metformin, incretin mimetics, DPP-4, TZD
Biguanidies ex
metformin
GLP-1 ex
Trulicity, Ozempic, Victoza
SGLT2-i ex
Invokana, Farxiga, Jardiance
DPP-4 ex
Januvia, onglyza, Tradjenta, Nesina
TZD ex
