NURS 8022 PATHO EXAM 3 CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
PRACTICE SOLUTION GRADED A+
◉ alarm stage. Answer: arousal of body defense (FIGHT OR FLIGHT),
stress triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the brain
that activates the SNS
◉ Resistance Stage. Answer: mobilization of body resources
(adrenal hormones-cortisol, epi, and norepinephrine) that
contribute to fight/flight response
◉ Exhaustion Stage. Answer: breakdown of compensatory
mechanisms, occurs only if stress continues and adaptation is not
successful
◉ anticipatory response. Answer: anticipating disruption in
homeostasis & attempt to avert danger
◉ sympathetic system (catecholamines). Answer: epinephrine
drives cardiovascular changes - activates adrenergic receptors
(adrenaline)
norepinephrine (adrenaline) promotes arousal, goose bumps,
anxiety
,◉ Stress systems: nervous system, endocrine system. Answer:
nervous: quick and short lasting (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
endocrine: slow and long lasting (hormones)
◉ endocrine response (hormonal). Answer: glucocorticoids
(cortisol) released from adrenal cortex, stimulates gluconeogenesis
in liver and elevates blood sugar, powerful
antiinflammatory/immunosuppressive agent
-poor wound healing
-chronic excess leads to diabetes and obesity
◉ norepinephrine. Answer: constricts peripheral vessels (increases
BP)
◉ epinephrine. Answer: central (core organs) vasodilation occurs)
◉ endorphins and enkephalins. Answer: natural painkillers,
experience insensitivity to pain, excitement, positive well-being,
euphoria
◉ growth hormone (somatotropin). Answer: enhances immune
function and increases glucose levels, can be suppressed under
chronic situations (childhood abuse)
, ◉ benign tumors (dont spread). Answer: tumors that are slow
growing, noninvasive, well-differentiated, no metastasis
named according to the tissues from which they arise and include
the suffix, -oma.
fat ("lipoma"); smooth muscle ("leiomyoma")
◉ malignant tumors (spread). Answer: CANCER, rapid growing,
invasive, poorly-differentiated, can metastasize
named according to the tissues from which they arise.
epithelial ("-carcinoma"); connective ("-sarcoma"); lymphatic ("-
lyphomas"); blood ("-leukemia")
◉ preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors. Answer: NOT malignant
yet, haven't broken through basement membrane or invaded
surrounding stroma
◉ neoplasm. Answer: new growth (cancer)
◉ proto-oncogenes. Answer: normal nonmutant genes that code for
cellular growth
◉ oncogenes. Answer: mutant genes that direct uncontrolled
protein synthesis and cellular growth
EVALUATION 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
PRACTICE SOLUTION GRADED A+
◉ alarm stage. Answer: arousal of body defense (FIGHT OR FLIGHT),
stress triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the brain
that activates the SNS
◉ Resistance Stage. Answer: mobilization of body resources
(adrenal hormones-cortisol, epi, and norepinephrine) that
contribute to fight/flight response
◉ Exhaustion Stage. Answer: breakdown of compensatory
mechanisms, occurs only if stress continues and adaptation is not
successful
◉ anticipatory response. Answer: anticipating disruption in
homeostasis & attempt to avert danger
◉ sympathetic system (catecholamines). Answer: epinephrine
drives cardiovascular changes - activates adrenergic receptors
(adrenaline)
norepinephrine (adrenaline) promotes arousal, goose bumps,
anxiety
,◉ Stress systems: nervous system, endocrine system. Answer:
nervous: quick and short lasting (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
endocrine: slow and long lasting (hormones)
◉ endocrine response (hormonal). Answer: glucocorticoids
(cortisol) released from adrenal cortex, stimulates gluconeogenesis
in liver and elevates blood sugar, powerful
antiinflammatory/immunosuppressive agent
-poor wound healing
-chronic excess leads to diabetes and obesity
◉ norepinephrine. Answer: constricts peripheral vessels (increases
BP)
◉ epinephrine. Answer: central (core organs) vasodilation occurs)
◉ endorphins and enkephalins. Answer: natural painkillers,
experience insensitivity to pain, excitement, positive well-being,
euphoria
◉ growth hormone (somatotropin). Answer: enhances immune
function and increases glucose levels, can be suppressed under
chronic situations (childhood abuse)
, ◉ benign tumors (dont spread). Answer: tumors that are slow
growing, noninvasive, well-differentiated, no metastasis
named according to the tissues from which they arise and include
the suffix, -oma.
fat ("lipoma"); smooth muscle ("leiomyoma")
◉ malignant tumors (spread). Answer: CANCER, rapid growing,
invasive, poorly-differentiated, can metastasize
named according to the tissues from which they arise.
epithelial ("-carcinoma"); connective ("-sarcoma"); lymphatic ("-
lyphomas"); blood ("-leukemia")
◉ preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors. Answer: NOT malignant
yet, haven't broken through basement membrane or invaded
surrounding stroma
◉ neoplasm. Answer: new growth (cancer)
◉ proto-oncogenes. Answer: normal nonmutant genes that code for
cellular growth
◉ oncogenes. Answer: mutant genes that direct uncontrolled
protein synthesis and cellular growth
