NURS 8022 PATHO EXAM 3 COMPREHENSIVE
SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GUARANTEED TO PASS
◉ extracellular fluid. Answer: fluid outside the cell
◉ interstitial fluid. Answer: fluid between cells
◉ intravascular fluid. Answer: fluid within blood vessels
◉ transcellular fluid. Answer: "third space"; places it shouldn't be ex.
Pericardial effusion
◉ Tonicity. Answer: osmotic pressure of two solutions separated by
a semipermeable membrane
◉ Isotonic. Answer: equal solute concentration, causes no fluid
shifts
◉ hypotonic. Answer: lower solute solution, causing fluids to shift
out
,◉ hypertonic. Answer: higher solute concentrations, causing fluids
to shift in
◉ types of fluid sources. Answer: oral intake and intravenous
solutions
◉ Isotonic. Answer: when the concentration of two solutions is the
same
◉ osmosis. Answer: movement of water across a semi permeable
membrane
◉ intracellular fluid makes up ____ of the body's water. Answer: 2/3
◉ Isotonic intravenous solution. Answer: 0.9% saline (normal
saline), lactated ringers
◉ Hypotonic intravenous solution. Answer: 0.45% saline (half
normal saline)
◉ Hypertonic intravenous solution. Answer: 5% dextrose in 0.9%
saline (D5 normal saline), 3% saline
◉ do not give D5W to. Answer: infants or head injury patients
,may cause cerebral edema
◉ ways to have fluid loss. Answer: urine, feces, insensible loses
◉ fluid balance control- thirst mechanism. Answer: triggered by a
decreased blood volume and increased osmolarity
◉ fluid balance control- antidiuretic hormone. Answer: promotes
reabsorption of water in the kidneys
◉ fluid balance control- aldosterone. Answer: increases
reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys
◉ Fluid Balance- Control
Atrial natriuretic peptide. Answer: stimulates renal vasodilation and
suppresses aldosterone increasing urinary output
◉ what increases with too little body fluid (dehydration) and
decreases with too much body fluid (over hydration). Answer:
specific gravity, HCT, sodium
◉ fluid excess- edema. Answer: excessive amount of fluid in the
interstitial space
, ◉ fluid excess- hypervolemia. Answer: Excess fluid in the
intravascular space
◉ fluid excess- water intoxication. Answer: excess fluid in the
intracellular space
◉ causes of fluid excess. Answer: excessive sodium or water intake,
inadequate sodium or water elimination
◉ what causes excessive sodium or water intake. Answer: high
sodium diet, psychogenic polydipsia, hypertonic fluid
administration, free water, enteral feedings
◉ What causes inadequate sodium or water elimination. Answer:
hyperaldosteronism, Cushing syndrome, syndrome of inappropriate
antidiuretic hormone, renal failure, liver failure, heart failure
◉ fluid excess manifestations. Answer: peripheral edema,
periorbital edema, anasarca, cerebral edema, dyspnea, bounding
pulse, tachycardia, jugular vein distension, hypertension, polyuria,
rapid weight gain, crackles, and bulging fontanelles
◉ fluid excess diagnosis. Answer: history, physical examination,
daily weights, measurement of intake and output, blood chemistry,
urine analysis, and complete blood count
SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GUARANTEED TO PASS
◉ extracellular fluid. Answer: fluid outside the cell
◉ interstitial fluid. Answer: fluid between cells
◉ intravascular fluid. Answer: fluid within blood vessels
◉ transcellular fluid. Answer: "third space"; places it shouldn't be ex.
Pericardial effusion
◉ Tonicity. Answer: osmotic pressure of two solutions separated by
a semipermeable membrane
◉ Isotonic. Answer: equal solute concentration, causes no fluid
shifts
◉ hypotonic. Answer: lower solute solution, causing fluids to shift
out
,◉ hypertonic. Answer: higher solute concentrations, causing fluids
to shift in
◉ types of fluid sources. Answer: oral intake and intravenous
solutions
◉ Isotonic. Answer: when the concentration of two solutions is the
same
◉ osmosis. Answer: movement of water across a semi permeable
membrane
◉ intracellular fluid makes up ____ of the body's water. Answer: 2/3
◉ Isotonic intravenous solution. Answer: 0.9% saline (normal
saline), lactated ringers
◉ Hypotonic intravenous solution. Answer: 0.45% saline (half
normal saline)
◉ Hypertonic intravenous solution. Answer: 5% dextrose in 0.9%
saline (D5 normal saline), 3% saline
◉ do not give D5W to. Answer: infants or head injury patients
,may cause cerebral edema
◉ ways to have fluid loss. Answer: urine, feces, insensible loses
◉ fluid balance control- thirst mechanism. Answer: triggered by a
decreased blood volume and increased osmolarity
◉ fluid balance control- antidiuretic hormone. Answer: promotes
reabsorption of water in the kidneys
◉ fluid balance control- aldosterone. Answer: increases
reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys
◉ Fluid Balance- Control
Atrial natriuretic peptide. Answer: stimulates renal vasodilation and
suppresses aldosterone increasing urinary output
◉ what increases with too little body fluid (dehydration) and
decreases with too much body fluid (over hydration). Answer:
specific gravity, HCT, sodium
◉ fluid excess- edema. Answer: excessive amount of fluid in the
interstitial space
, ◉ fluid excess- hypervolemia. Answer: Excess fluid in the
intravascular space
◉ fluid excess- water intoxication. Answer: excess fluid in the
intracellular space
◉ causes of fluid excess. Answer: excessive sodium or water intake,
inadequate sodium or water elimination
◉ what causes excessive sodium or water intake. Answer: high
sodium diet, psychogenic polydipsia, hypertonic fluid
administration, free water, enteral feedings
◉ What causes inadequate sodium or water elimination. Answer:
hyperaldosteronism, Cushing syndrome, syndrome of inappropriate
antidiuretic hormone, renal failure, liver failure, heart failure
◉ fluid excess manifestations. Answer: peripheral edema,
periorbital edema, anasarca, cerebral edema, dyspnea, bounding
pulse, tachycardia, jugular vein distension, hypertension, polyuria,
rapid weight gain, crackles, and bulging fontanelles
◉ fluid excess diagnosis. Answer: history, physical examination,
daily weights, measurement of intake and output, blood chemistry,
urine analysis, and complete blood count
