MGMT 2130 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Organizational Change - Answers - The movement of an organization away from it's
present state and toward some desired future state to increase efficiency and
effectiveness
Change Agents - Answers - People who take responsibility for managing change
initiatives
Induced Change - Answers - Planned new institutional arrangements made to gain a
competitive advantage
Imposed Change - Answers - New institutional arrangement set out by changes in
legislation and law that force change in order to comply with the new rules
Structural Changes - Answers - Involves any changes in the way the organization is
designed, planned,and controlled including how authority is allocated and how
departments and activities are integrated and coordinated
Technological Changes - Answers - When operational processes and methods are
redesigned to be more efficient
Strategic Changes - Answers - When new ideas are developed and innovation occurs -
that is, creative ideas are implemented resulting in new products or services
Cultural Changes - Answers - Shifts in the shared set of beliefs, expectations, values,
norms and work routines that influence how members of an organization relate to one
another and work together to achieve organizational goals
Steps in managing Organizational Change - Answers - (1) Assessing the need for
change
(2) Deciding on the change to make
(3) Introducing the Change
(4) Evaluating the Change
Models of Organizational Change - Answers - Lewin's three stage model of change
Kotter's 8-step plan for implementing change
Complexity Theory and Organizational Change
Adaptive Cultures - Answers - Develops emphasis on entrepreneurship and respect for
the employee and allows technological changes, changes in products or services, and
organizational structures such as the cross-functional team structure, to empower
employees to make decisions and motivate them to succeed
,Inert Cultures - Answers - Those that lead to values and norms that fail to motivate or
inspire employees; Lead to stagnation and often failure over time and inspire resistance
to change
Innovation - Answers - The implementation of creative ideas in an organization
Entrepreneur - Answers - The people who notice opportunities and take responsibility
for mobilizing the resources necessary to produce new and improved goods and
services
Social Entrepreneurs - Answers - Individuals who pursue initiatives and opportunities to
address social problems and needs in order to improve society and well-being
Social Innovation - Answers - Finding new ways of solving social problems
Entrepreneurship - Answers - The mobilization of resources to take advantage of an
opportunity to provide customers with new or improved goods and services
Product Champions - Answers - A manager who takes "ownership" of a project and
provides the leadership and vision that take a product from the idea stage to the final
customer.
Skunkworks - Answers - A group of intrapreneurs who are deliberately separated from
the normal operation of an organization to encourage them to devote all their attention
to developing new products
The Process of Innovation - Answers - Product Champions + Skunkworks = Innovation
Assessing the Need for Change - Answers - Deciding how to change an organization is
a complex matter, not least because change disrupts the status quo and pose as a
threat, prompting employees to resist attempts to alter work relationship and procedure
- Recognize there is a problem
- Identify the source of the problem
Deciding on the Change to Make - Answers - Must decide where they would like their
organization to be in the future
- Decide what the organization's ideal future state would be
- Identify obstacles to change
Implementing the Change - Answers - - Decide whether the change will occur from the
top-down or bottom-up
- Introduce and manage the change
Evaluating the Change - Answers - - Compare pre-change performance with post-
change
- Use benchmarking
, Lewin's Three-Step Change Model - Answers - Unfreezing, movement or transition,
refreezing
- Driving forces, which direct behaviour away from the status quo, can be increased
- Restraining forces, which hinder movement from the existing equilibrium can be
decreased
Resist change for two reasons:
- Fear
- Doubt
Kotter's 8 steps for leading organizational change - Answers - 1. Establish a sense of
urgency
2. Form a coalition
3. Develop a vision and strategy
4. Communicate the vision
5. Empower others to act on the vision
6. Plan for, create, and reward short-term "wins"
7. Consolidate gains and produce more change
8. Reinforce the changes
Four Ds of Appreciative Inquiry
- Discovery (determining the best of what is)
- Dreaming ( visualizing what might be)
- Design (developing what should be)
- Destiny (implementing what will be)
Complexity Theory and Organizational Change - Answers - - Increase the channels of
communication
- Not dictate agendas
- Rotate people regularly
- Avoid over-reliance on an incumbent management team
- Tolerate parallel developments
- Avoid excessive "fit"
- Try to reduce anxiety
Motivation - Answers - The psychological forces that determine the direction of a
person's behaviour in an organization, a person's commitment of effort, and a person's
persistence in the face of obstacles
Intrinsically Motivated Behaviour - Answers - Behaviour that is performed for its own
sake; the source of motivation is actually performing the behaviour, and motivation
comes from doing the work itself
Extrinsically Motivated Behaviour - Answers - Behaviour that is performed to acquire
material or social rewards or to avoid punishment; the source of motivation is the
consequences of the behaviour, not the behaviour itself
Organizational Change - Answers - The movement of an organization away from it's
present state and toward some desired future state to increase efficiency and
effectiveness
Change Agents - Answers - People who take responsibility for managing change
initiatives
Induced Change - Answers - Planned new institutional arrangements made to gain a
competitive advantage
Imposed Change - Answers - New institutional arrangement set out by changes in
legislation and law that force change in order to comply with the new rules
Structural Changes - Answers - Involves any changes in the way the organization is
designed, planned,and controlled including how authority is allocated and how
departments and activities are integrated and coordinated
Technological Changes - Answers - When operational processes and methods are
redesigned to be more efficient
Strategic Changes - Answers - When new ideas are developed and innovation occurs -
that is, creative ideas are implemented resulting in new products or services
Cultural Changes - Answers - Shifts in the shared set of beliefs, expectations, values,
norms and work routines that influence how members of an organization relate to one
another and work together to achieve organizational goals
Steps in managing Organizational Change - Answers - (1) Assessing the need for
change
(2) Deciding on the change to make
(3) Introducing the Change
(4) Evaluating the Change
Models of Organizational Change - Answers - Lewin's three stage model of change
Kotter's 8-step plan for implementing change
Complexity Theory and Organizational Change
Adaptive Cultures - Answers - Develops emphasis on entrepreneurship and respect for
the employee and allows technological changes, changes in products or services, and
organizational structures such as the cross-functional team structure, to empower
employees to make decisions and motivate them to succeed
,Inert Cultures - Answers - Those that lead to values and norms that fail to motivate or
inspire employees; Lead to stagnation and often failure over time and inspire resistance
to change
Innovation - Answers - The implementation of creative ideas in an organization
Entrepreneur - Answers - The people who notice opportunities and take responsibility
for mobilizing the resources necessary to produce new and improved goods and
services
Social Entrepreneurs - Answers - Individuals who pursue initiatives and opportunities to
address social problems and needs in order to improve society and well-being
Social Innovation - Answers - Finding new ways of solving social problems
Entrepreneurship - Answers - The mobilization of resources to take advantage of an
opportunity to provide customers with new or improved goods and services
Product Champions - Answers - A manager who takes "ownership" of a project and
provides the leadership and vision that take a product from the idea stage to the final
customer.
Skunkworks - Answers - A group of intrapreneurs who are deliberately separated from
the normal operation of an organization to encourage them to devote all their attention
to developing new products
The Process of Innovation - Answers - Product Champions + Skunkworks = Innovation
Assessing the Need for Change - Answers - Deciding how to change an organization is
a complex matter, not least because change disrupts the status quo and pose as a
threat, prompting employees to resist attempts to alter work relationship and procedure
- Recognize there is a problem
- Identify the source of the problem
Deciding on the Change to Make - Answers - Must decide where they would like their
organization to be in the future
- Decide what the organization's ideal future state would be
- Identify obstacles to change
Implementing the Change - Answers - - Decide whether the change will occur from the
top-down or bottom-up
- Introduce and manage the change
Evaluating the Change - Answers - - Compare pre-change performance with post-
change
- Use benchmarking
, Lewin's Three-Step Change Model - Answers - Unfreezing, movement or transition,
refreezing
- Driving forces, which direct behaviour away from the status quo, can be increased
- Restraining forces, which hinder movement from the existing equilibrium can be
decreased
Resist change for two reasons:
- Fear
- Doubt
Kotter's 8 steps for leading organizational change - Answers - 1. Establish a sense of
urgency
2. Form a coalition
3. Develop a vision and strategy
4. Communicate the vision
5. Empower others to act on the vision
6. Plan for, create, and reward short-term "wins"
7. Consolidate gains and produce more change
8. Reinforce the changes
Four Ds of Appreciative Inquiry
- Discovery (determining the best of what is)
- Dreaming ( visualizing what might be)
- Design (developing what should be)
- Destiny (implementing what will be)
Complexity Theory and Organizational Change - Answers - - Increase the channels of
communication
- Not dictate agendas
- Rotate people regularly
- Avoid over-reliance on an incumbent management team
- Tolerate parallel developments
- Avoid excessive "fit"
- Try to reduce anxiety
Motivation - Answers - The psychological forces that determine the direction of a
person's behaviour in an organization, a person's commitment of effort, and a person's
persistence in the face of obstacles
Intrinsically Motivated Behaviour - Answers - Behaviour that is performed for its own
sake; the source of motivation is actually performing the behaviour, and motivation
comes from doing the work itself
Extrinsically Motivated Behaviour - Answers - Behaviour that is performed to acquire
material or social rewards or to avoid punishment; the source of motivation is the
consequences of the behaviour, not the behaviour itself
