nrsg 2350 exam 3 UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Epicardium - CORRECT ANSWER - Outermost heart layer, protects and nourishes myocardium.
Pericardial Sac - CORRECT ANSWER - Epicardium and parietal layer of serous pericardium.
Myocardium - CORRECT ANSWER - Thick middle heart layer with cardiac muscle tissue.
Endocardium - CORRECT ANSWER - Thin endothelial layer lining heart muscle.
Cardiac Conducting Cells - CORRECT ANSWER - Cells coordinating heart contractions.
Cardiac Circulation - CORRECT ANSWER - Heart's blood pumping to the body.
Cardiopulmonary Circulation - CORRECT ANSWER - Heart and lungs working together for blood
flow.
Systemic Circulation - CORRECT ANSWER - Blood circulation throughout the body excluding
lungs.
Systemic Pressure - CORRECT ANSWER - Higher pressure due to greater distance and resistance.
Arterial Flow - CORRECT ANSWER - Blood moving away from the heart.
Ventricular Systole - CORRECT ANSWER - Phase when blood pressure is highest in arteries.
Ventricular Diastole - CORRECT ANSWER - Phase when blood pressure is lowest in arteries.
,Venous Return - CORRECT ANSWER - Blood flow back to the heart from tissues.
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) - CORRECT ANSWER - MAP = CO x SVR.
Cardiac Output (CO) - CORRECT ANSWER - CO = HR x SV.
Heart Rate - CORRECT ANSWER - Autonomic control, innervates SA node.
Sympathetic Nervous System - CORRECT ANSWER - Increases heart rate via beta-1 adrenergic
receptors.
Parasympathetic Nervous System - CORRECT ANSWER - Decreases heart rate via muscarinic
receptors.
Stroke Volume (SV) - CORRECT ANSWER - Amount of blood ejected per heartbeat.
Normal Stroke Volume - CORRECT ANSWER - 60-100 mL per heartbeat.
End-Diastolic Volume (EDV) - CORRECT ANSWER - Ventricle volume when filled with blood.
End-Systolic Volume (ESV) - CORRECT ANSWER - Ventricle volume after contraction.
Starling's Law - CORRECT ANSWER - More stretch equals stronger heart contraction.
Preload - CORRECT ANSWER - Volume/stretch on cardiac muscle before contraction.
Afterload - CORRECT ANSWER - Pressure ventricle must overcome to eject blood.
Baroreceptors - CORRECT ANSWER - Nerve endings sensitive to arterial blood pressure.
, Vascular Endothelium - CORRECT ANSWER - Single cell layer lining blood vessels.
Nitric Oxide - CORRECT ANSWER - Decreases blood pressure through vasodilation.
Endothelin - CORRECT ANSWER - Increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction.
Renal System - CORRECT ANSWER - Controls blood pressure via sodium and fluid balance.
Naturetic Peptide - CORRECT ANSWER - Decreases blood pressure by excreting sodium and
water.
Angiotensin II - CORRECT ANSWER - Causes arteriolar constriction and increases blood
pressure.
Aldosterone - CORRECT ANSWER - Increases sodium retention, raising blood pressure.
Hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER - High blood pressure, often asymptomatic.
Primary Hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER - No single cause, more common hypertension type.
Secondary Hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER - Direct cause identified, less common
hypertension type.
End-Organ Damage - CORRECT ANSWER - Damage to organs due to prolonged high blood
pressure.
End-organ damage - CORRECT ANSWER - Damage to organs due to chronic hypertension.
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Epicardium - CORRECT ANSWER - Outermost heart layer, protects and nourishes myocardium.
Pericardial Sac - CORRECT ANSWER - Epicardium and parietal layer of serous pericardium.
Myocardium - CORRECT ANSWER - Thick middle heart layer with cardiac muscle tissue.
Endocardium - CORRECT ANSWER - Thin endothelial layer lining heart muscle.
Cardiac Conducting Cells - CORRECT ANSWER - Cells coordinating heart contractions.
Cardiac Circulation - CORRECT ANSWER - Heart's blood pumping to the body.
Cardiopulmonary Circulation - CORRECT ANSWER - Heart and lungs working together for blood
flow.
Systemic Circulation - CORRECT ANSWER - Blood circulation throughout the body excluding
lungs.
Systemic Pressure - CORRECT ANSWER - Higher pressure due to greater distance and resistance.
Arterial Flow - CORRECT ANSWER - Blood moving away from the heart.
Ventricular Systole - CORRECT ANSWER - Phase when blood pressure is highest in arteries.
Ventricular Diastole - CORRECT ANSWER - Phase when blood pressure is lowest in arteries.
,Venous Return - CORRECT ANSWER - Blood flow back to the heart from tissues.
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) - CORRECT ANSWER - MAP = CO x SVR.
Cardiac Output (CO) - CORRECT ANSWER - CO = HR x SV.
Heart Rate - CORRECT ANSWER - Autonomic control, innervates SA node.
Sympathetic Nervous System - CORRECT ANSWER - Increases heart rate via beta-1 adrenergic
receptors.
Parasympathetic Nervous System - CORRECT ANSWER - Decreases heart rate via muscarinic
receptors.
Stroke Volume (SV) - CORRECT ANSWER - Amount of blood ejected per heartbeat.
Normal Stroke Volume - CORRECT ANSWER - 60-100 mL per heartbeat.
End-Diastolic Volume (EDV) - CORRECT ANSWER - Ventricle volume when filled with blood.
End-Systolic Volume (ESV) - CORRECT ANSWER - Ventricle volume after contraction.
Starling's Law - CORRECT ANSWER - More stretch equals stronger heart contraction.
Preload - CORRECT ANSWER - Volume/stretch on cardiac muscle before contraction.
Afterload - CORRECT ANSWER - Pressure ventricle must overcome to eject blood.
Baroreceptors - CORRECT ANSWER - Nerve endings sensitive to arterial blood pressure.
, Vascular Endothelium - CORRECT ANSWER - Single cell layer lining blood vessels.
Nitric Oxide - CORRECT ANSWER - Decreases blood pressure through vasodilation.
Endothelin - CORRECT ANSWER - Increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction.
Renal System - CORRECT ANSWER - Controls blood pressure via sodium and fluid balance.
Naturetic Peptide - CORRECT ANSWER - Decreases blood pressure by excreting sodium and
water.
Angiotensin II - CORRECT ANSWER - Causes arteriolar constriction and increases blood
pressure.
Aldosterone - CORRECT ANSWER - Increases sodium retention, raising blood pressure.
Hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER - High blood pressure, often asymptomatic.
Primary Hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER - No single cause, more common hypertension type.
Secondary Hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER - Direct cause identified, less common
hypertension type.
End-Organ Damage - CORRECT ANSWER - Damage to organs due to prolonged high blood
pressure.
End-organ damage - CORRECT ANSWER - Damage to organs due to chronic hypertension.
