PATHO EXAM 4 UNMC EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE TESTED AND
GRADED A+
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - ANS✔✔---definition: atherosclerosis of
coronary arteries; disease of the intima (inner lining), chronic, progressive;
inflammation starts the process
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - ANS✔✔---Pathophysiology:
1. Inflammation-endothelium damaged-lipids deposit; lipids are oxidized
and attract monocytes; monocytes enter the intima, become macrophages
which ingest LDL, then are transformed into foam cells which leads to the
release of cytokines which cause inflammation and injury
2. Fatty streak (yellow, lipid-filled smooth muscle cells-an organized
collection of foam cells); starts causing some narrowing
Page 1 of 46
,3. Fibrous plaque (fatty streak, collagen, elastic fibers) causes further
narrowing
4. Complicated (advanced) lesion- fibrous plaque (lesion) hemorrhages,
causes clot formation and obstruction
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - ANS✔✔---3 main/most dangerous risk
factors:
1. Cigarette smoking (direct and passive 2nd hand smoke; nicotine causes
release of epinephrine leads to increased HR and vasoconstriction; increased
platelet adhesiveness leads to increased clot formation; carbon monoxide
attaches to Hgb molecule and less O2 is carried to tissues)
2. HTN (increase peripheral vascular resistance, increased workload of
heart accelerates process of atherosclerosis)
3. Hyperlipidemia (advanced age, male gender under 60, then male/female
risk equal, genetic predisposition; hyperlipidemia caused by increased dietary
fat intake, diabetes, and genetics; lipoproteins=lipids, phospholipids,
cholesterol, and triglycerides bound to carrier proteins, formation of fatty
streak and plaque)
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - ANS✔✔---Other risk factors:
,Diabetes Mellitus: (Type 1 insulin dependent) occurence of CAD x2 greater in
men; x4 more in women; occurs earlier and more severely with diabetes;
increased blood glucose accelerates CAD
women and CAD: have increased mortality rate after acute MI; #1 killer of
American women (more deaths than ALL cancer deaths combined)
cocaine/methamphetamine use: increase BP and HR; causes vasoconstriction
of coronary arteries; cause vasospasm, not CAD
Hyperhomocysteinemia: homocysteine is amino acid (from animal protein),
normally broken down in liver with help of Vitamin B6/B12/folic acid; causes
injury to arterial wall; treat/prevent with folic acid (Folate)
Role of inflammation in development of CAD: c-reactive protein (CRP)-high
sensitivity ("cardiac" CRP) increases and measures inflammation Myocardial
Strabismus - ANS✔✔---Definition: "crossed eyes" deviation of one eye from
the other when looking at an object
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, Incidence: can be normal in infant until 4 months, after needs evaluation
Normal A&P: extraocular muscles attach eyeball to orbit and allow for
straight and rotary movement; each muscle from one eye is coordinated with
a muscle from the other eye, which produces conjugate movement, and results
in one image being produced
Patho: most commonly caused by weak or hypertonic muscle in affected eye
Manifestations: deviation of eye, diplopia (double vision)
Treatment: early detection critical to prevent complications; may involve
exercises, glasses, patching, and surgery
Cataracts - ANS✔✔---Definition: development of opacities (cloudiness) of the
ocular lens
Incidence: some formation expected by age 70; if you live long enough you will
have them
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE TESTED AND
GRADED A+
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - ANS✔✔---definition: atherosclerosis of
coronary arteries; disease of the intima (inner lining), chronic, progressive;
inflammation starts the process
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - ANS✔✔---Pathophysiology:
1. Inflammation-endothelium damaged-lipids deposit; lipids are oxidized
and attract monocytes; monocytes enter the intima, become macrophages
which ingest LDL, then are transformed into foam cells which leads to the
release of cytokines which cause inflammation and injury
2. Fatty streak (yellow, lipid-filled smooth muscle cells-an organized
collection of foam cells); starts causing some narrowing
Page 1 of 46
,3. Fibrous plaque (fatty streak, collagen, elastic fibers) causes further
narrowing
4. Complicated (advanced) lesion- fibrous plaque (lesion) hemorrhages,
causes clot formation and obstruction
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - ANS✔✔---3 main/most dangerous risk
factors:
1. Cigarette smoking (direct and passive 2nd hand smoke; nicotine causes
release of epinephrine leads to increased HR and vasoconstriction; increased
platelet adhesiveness leads to increased clot formation; carbon monoxide
attaches to Hgb molecule and less O2 is carried to tissues)
2. HTN (increase peripheral vascular resistance, increased workload of
heart accelerates process of atherosclerosis)
3. Hyperlipidemia (advanced age, male gender under 60, then male/female
risk equal, genetic predisposition; hyperlipidemia caused by increased dietary
fat intake, diabetes, and genetics; lipoproteins=lipids, phospholipids,
cholesterol, and triglycerides bound to carrier proteins, formation of fatty
streak and plaque)
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - ANS✔✔---Other risk factors:
,Diabetes Mellitus: (Type 1 insulin dependent) occurence of CAD x2 greater in
men; x4 more in women; occurs earlier and more severely with diabetes;
increased blood glucose accelerates CAD
women and CAD: have increased mortality rate after acute MI; #1 killer of
American women (more deaths than ALL cancer deaths combined)
cocaine/methamphetamine use: increase BP and HR; causes vasoconstriction
of coronary arteries; cause vasospasm, not CAD
Hyperhomocysteinemia: homocysteine is amino acid (from animal protein),
normally broken down in liver with help of Vitamin B6/B12/folic acid; causes
injury to arterial wall; treat/prevent with folic acid (Folate)
Role of inflammation in development of CAD: c-reactive protein (CRP)-high
sensitivity ("cardiac" CRP) increases and measures inflammation Myocardial
Strabismus - ANS✔✔---Definition: "crossed eyes" deviation of one eye from
the other when looking at an object
Page 3 of 46
, Incidence: can be normal in infant until 4 months, after needs evaluation
Normal A&P: extraocular muscles attach eyeball to orbit and allow for
straight and rotary movement; each muscle from one eye is coordinated with
a muscle from the other eye, which produces conjugate movement, and results
in one image being produced
Patho: most commonly caused by weak or hypertonic muscle in affected eye
Manifestations: deviation of eye, diplopia (double vision)
Treatment: early detection critical to prevent complications; may involve
exercises, glasses, patching, and surgery
Cataracts - ANS✔✔---Definition: development of opacities (cloudiness) of the
ocular lens
Incidence: some formation expected by age 70; if you live long enough you will
have them
