NU 310 Exam 2 Actual Exam Newest With Complete Questions And Correct Detailed Answers| Brand New
Version!
Healthy Kidney functon - (ANSWER)- sodium and water removal
- waste removal
- hormone production
unhealthy kidney - (ANSWER)- fluid overload
- elevated wastes such as: urea, creatinine, potassium
- changes in hormone levels controlling: blood pressure, making red blood cells, uptake of calcium
urolithiasis - (ANSWER)process of forming stones in the kidney, bladder, and/or urethra (urinary tract)
urinary caliculi or urolithiasis - (ANSWER)- Urinary calculi (kidney stones) are formed in renal tubules,
ureter or bladder
- Affects 5-10% of ain their lifetime
- Chance of recurrence is about 50%
- Men are more often affected than women
- Average age of onset is between 20 and 30 years.
urinary caliculi risk factors - (ANSWER)o Lifestyle (sedentary and immobility)
o Male
o Obesity
o Family History
o H/o stone disease (50% will have recurrence)
- dietary factors
- medical factors
urinary calculi dietary risk factors - (ANSWER)§ Higher mineral content in drinking water
,NU 310 Exam 2 Actual Exam Newest With Complete Questions And Correct Detailed Answers| Brand New
Version!
§ Lower fluid intake, higher animal protein, higher Vitamin C
§ High in purines, oxalates, calcium supplements
urinary calculi medical risk factors - (ANSWER)§ Dehydration (supersaturation)
§ Metabolic dusturbances (i.e., é calcium and other electrolytes)
§ Neurogenic bladder
§ Prolonged indwelling catheterization
urinary calculi causes - (ANSWER)o Urinary stasis/ stagnation
o Supersaturation of urine with poorly soluble crystalloids
o Increase concentration of metabolic products leads to precipitation of crystals such as Calcium, uric
acid and phosphate
o Changes in urine pH
o Deficiency of stone-forming inhibitors (i.e., citrate, pyrophosphate, magnesium)
o Infection, foreign bodies, failure to empty bladder..
high concentration of metabolic products is due to: - (ANSWER)o Low urinary volume (with normal renal
function) due to restricted fluid intake
o Increased fluid loss
o Increased excretion of metabolic products forming stones
o High plasma volume (high filtrate level)
o Low tubular reabsorption from filtrate
changes in urine pH due to: - (ANSWER)o Bacterial infection
o Precipitation of salts at different pH
deficiency stagnation is due to: - (ANSWER)- obstruction of urinary flow
,NU 310 Exam 2 Actual Exam Newest With Complete Questions And Correct Detailed Answers| Brand New
Version!
deficiency of stone-forming inhibitors: - (ANSWER)o Citrate, pyrophosphate, glycoproteins inhibit
growth of calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate crystals
types of stones - (ANSWER)- o Calcium Oxalate and Phosphate
o Magnesiums Ammonium PO4
o Uric acid
o Cystine
calcium oxalate and phosphate - (ANSWER)§ 70% of stones
§ Causes: hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, hyperoxaluria, etc
Magnesiums Ammonium PO4 - (ANSWER)§ 15-20% of stones
§ Causes: urea-splitting bacteria Proteus and some staph
§ Form the staghorn calculi
uric acid - (ANSWER)§ 5-10% of stones
§ Predisposed with gout, leukemias
cystine - (ANSWER)§ Only 1-2% of stones
§ Caused by genetic defects in renal reabsorption of amino acids
kidney stones clinical manifestations - (ANSWER)o Pain (colic, spam)
o Acute flank pain
o Renal colic if passed into ureter or if obstruction
o Nausea and vomiting
, NU 310 Exam 2 Actual Exam Newest With Complete Questions And Correct Detailed Answers| Brand New
Version!
o Urinary urgency or frequency
o Hematuria
o Fever and chills
o Obstruction of urinary flow from the kidney
o Hydronephrosis, hydroureter
o Tissue trauma
o May lead to renal injury and/ or failure
o Infection
o Silent if large because remain in renal pelvis
kidney stones diagnosis - (ANSWER)o History and Physical Assessment
o Urinalysis:
§ Hematuria (90% sensitive)
§ Signs of infection
§ Crystals pH (é or ê)
kidney stones imaging - (ANSWER)o Non-Contrast CT **
o Ultrasound
o Intravenous Pyelography (IVP)
o KUB
kidney stones metabolic workup - (ANSWER)o Serum Ca, P, Uric Acid (repeat 2-3 times) (when patient is
asymptomatic and has a normal diet)
o 24 hour urine collection for Ca. P, Uric Acid
o Urine culture
o 24 hour urine for citrate, urine oxalate (if above are normal)
Version!
Healthy Kidney functon - (ANSWER)- sodium and water removal
- waste removal
- hormone production
unhealthy kidney - (ANSWER)- fluid overload
- elevated wastes such as: urea, creatinine, potassium
- changes in hormone levels controlling: blood pressure, making red blood cells, uptake of calcium
urolithiasis - (ANSWER)process of forming stones in the kidney, bladder, and/or urethra (urinary tract)
urinary caliculi or urolithiasis - (ANSWER)- Urinary calculi (kidney stones) are formed in renal tubules,
ureter or bladder
- Affects 5-10% of ain their lifetime
- Chance of recurrence is about 50%
- Men are more often affected than women
- Average age of onset is between 20 and 30 years.
urinary caliculi risk factors - (ANSWER)o Lifestyle (sedentary and immobility)
o Male
o Obesity
o Family History
o H/o stone disease (50% will have recurrence)
- dietary factors
- medical factors
urinary calculi dietary risk factors - (ANSWER)§ Higher mineral content in drinking water
,NU 310 Exam 2 Actual Exam Newest With Complete Questions And Correct Detailed Answers| Brand New
Version!
§ Lower fluid intake, higher animal protein, higher Vitamin C
§ High in purines, oxalates, calcium supplements
urinary calculi medical risk factors - (ANSWER)§ Dehydration (supersaturation)
§ Metabolic dusturbances (i.e., é calcium and other electrolytes)
§ Neurogenic bladder
§ Prolonged indwelling catheterization
urinary calculi causes - (ANSWER)o Urinary stasis/ stagnation
o Supersaturation of urine with poorly soluble crystalloids
o Increase concentration of metabolic products leads to precipitation of crystals such as Calcium, uric
acid and phosphate
o Changes in urine pH
o Deficiency of stone-forming inhibitors (i.e., citrate, pyrophosphate, magnesium)
o Infection, foreign bodies, failure to empty bladder..
high concentration of metabolic products is due to: - (ANSWER)o Low urinary volume (with normal renal
function) due to restricted fluid intake
o Increased fluid loss
o Increased excretion of metabolic products forming stones
o High plasma volume (high filtrate level)
o Low tubular reabsorption from filtrate
changes in urine pH due to: - (ANSWER)o Bacterial infection
o Precipitation of salts at different pH
deficiency stagnation is due to: - (ANSWER)- obstruction of urinary flow
,NU 310 Exam 2 Actual Exam Newest With Complete Questions And Correct Detailed Answers| Brand New
Version!
deficiency of stone-forming inhibitors: - (ANSWER)o Citrate, pyrophosphate, glycoproteins inhibit
growth of calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate crystals
types of stones - (ANSWER)- o Calcium Oxalate and Phosphate
o Magnesiums Ammonium PO4
o Uric acid
o Cystine
calcium oxalate and phosphate - (ANSWER)§ 70% of stones
§ Causes: hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, hyperoxaluria, etc
Magnesiums Ammonium PO4 - (ANSWER)§ 15-20% of stones
§ Causes: urea-splitting bacteria Proteus and some staph
§ Form the staghorn calculi
uric acid - (ANSWER)§ 5-10% of stones
§ Predisposed with gout, leukemias
cystine - (ANSWER)§ Only 1-2% of stones
§ Caused by genetic defects in renal reabsorption of amino acids
kidney stones clinical manifestations - (ANSWER)o Pain (colic, spam)
o Acute flank pain
o Renal colic if passed into ureter or if obstruction
o Nausea and vomiting
, NU 310 Exam 2 Actual Exam Newest With Complete Questions And Correct Detailed Answers| Brand New
Version!
o Urinary urgency or frequency
o Hematuria
o Fever and chills
o Obstruction of urinary flow from the kidney
o Hydronephrosis, hydroureter
o Tissue trauma
o May lead to renal injury and/ or failure
o Infection
o Silent if large because remain in renal pelvis
kidney stones diagnosis - (ANSWER)o History and Physical Assessment
o Urinalysis:
§ Hematuria (90% sensitive)
§ Signs of infection
§ Crystals pH (é or ê)
kidney stones imaging - (ANSWER)o Non-Contrast CT **
o Ultrasound
o Intravenous Pyelography (IVP)
o KUB
kidney stones metabolic workup - (ANSWER)o Serum Ca, P, Uric Acid (repeat 2-3 times) (when patient is
asymptomatic and has a normal diet)
o 24 hour urine collection for Ca. P, Uric Acid
o Urine culture
o 24 hour urine for citrate, urine oxalate (if above are normal)
