TRU Biol 2131 Exam Newest 2026 Questions and
Correct Detailed Answers Already Graded A+
What are the 3 tenets of the cell theory? - CORRECT ANSWER-1) All organisms
are composed of one or more cells
2) The cell is the structural unit of life
3) Cells can arise only by division from a pre-existing cell
Fundamental properties that are shared by all cells (9)? - CORRECT ANSWER--
Cells are highly complex and organized
- Possess a genetic program
- Can reproduce
- Acquire and use energy
- Carry out chemical reactions
- Engage in mechanical activities
- Respond to stimuli
- Capable of self-regulation
,How is energy passed from one organism to the next? - CORRECT ANSWER-
Light energy is converted by photosynthesis into chemical energy that is stored in
energy-rich carbohydrates. These carbs are source of energy for animal cells.
functions of proteins? - CORRECT ANSWER-enzymes, structural cables,
hormones/growth factors, membrane receptors/transporters, contractile
filaments, antibodies, etc
how are peptide bonds formed? broken? - CORRECT ANSWER-condensation
(dehydration) reaction... hydrolysis
3 unique Amino Acids - CORRECT ANSWER-- Glycine: only H atom as side chain
= very flexible
- Proline: amino group as part of ring = produces kinks or hinges
- Cysteine: contains sulfhydryl group = can form disulfide bridges
Primary structure of protein - CORRECT ANSWER-linear sequence of amino
acids
secondary structure of protein - CORRECT ANSWER-conformation of portions
of the polypeptide chain.
,- Alpha helix and beta sheets
- Both stabilized by hydrogen bonds
tertiary structure - CORRECT ANSWER-conformation of the entire polypeptide
- Stabilized by non-covalent bonds (van der waals, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds)
and covalent bonds (disulfide)
quaternary structure - CORRECT ANSWER-more than one chain or subunit
denaturation - CORRECT ANSWER-unfolding or disorganization of a protein
- interferes with interactions that stabilize the protein's tertiary structure
molecular chaperones - CORRECT ANSWER-helper proteins that assist
unfolded or misfolded proteins to achieve their proper conformation
chaperonins - CORRECT ANSWER-cylindrical protein complexes that provide a
sheltered environment for folding of large polypeptides
nucleotides consist of - CORRECT ANSWER-pentose sugar, nitrogenous base,
phosphate group
, RNA world hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER-hypothesis that earlier forms of life
may have relied solely on RNA to store genetic info and to catalyze chemical
reactions
Alpha helix vs beta sheets - CORRECT ANSWER-Alpha: can be extended in
length if subjected to pulling forces
Beta strands: highly extended and resist pulling
magnification vs resolution - CORRECT ANSWER-Mag = enlargement of an
object
resolution = quality of the image (ability to see finer, distinguishing details)
phase-contrast microscopy advantage - CORRECT ANSWER-able to visualize
live cells
fluorescence microscopy - CORRECT ANSWER-uses a fluorescent dye that
emits fluorescence when illuminated with ultraviolet radiation
Common features between PROK and EUK (9) - CORRECT ANSWER-PM,
genetic info (DNA), similar mechanisms for transcription/translation, shared
Correct Detailed Answers Already Graded A+
What are the 3 tenets of the cell theory? - CORRECT ANSWER-1) All organisms
are composed of one or more cells
2) The cell is the structural unit of life
3) Cells can arise only by division from a pre-existing cell
Fundamental properties that are shared by all cells (9)? - CORRECT ANSWER--
Cells are highly complex and organized
- Possess a genetic program
- Can reproduce
- Acquire and use energy
- Carry out chemical reactions
- Engage in mechanical activities
- Respond to stimuli
- Capable of self-regulation
,How is energy passed from one organism to the next? - CORRECT ANSWER-
Light energy is converted by photosynthesis into chemical energy that is stored in
energy-rich carbohydrates. These carbs are source of energy for animal cells.
functions of proteins? - CORRECT ANSWER-enzymes, structural cables,
hormones/growth factors, membrane receptors/transporters, contractile
filaments, antibodies, etc
how are peptide bonds formed? broken? - CORRECT ANSWER-condensation
(dehydration) reaction... hydrolysis
3 unique Amino Acids - CORRECT ANSWER-- Glycine: only H atom as side chain
= very flexible
- Proline: amino group as part of ring = produces kinks or hinges
- Cysteine: contains sulfhydryl group = can form disulfide bridges
Primary structure of protein - CORRECT ANSWER-linear sequence of amino
acids
secondary structure of protein - CORRECT ANSWER-conformation of portions
of the polypeptide chain.
,- Alpha helix and beta sheets
- Both stabilized by hydrogen bonds
tertiary structure - CORRECT ANSWER-conformation of the entire polypeptide
- Stabilized by non-covalent bonds (van der waals, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds)
and covalent bonds (disulfide)
quaternary structure - CORRECT ANSWER-more than one chain or subunit
denaturation - CORRECT ANSWER-unfolding or disorganization of a protein
- interferes with interactions that stabilize the protein's tertiary structure
molecular chaperones - CORRECT ANSWER-helper proteins that assist
unfolded or misfolded proteins to achieve their proper conformation
chaperonins - CORRECT ANSWER-cylindrical protein complexes that provide a
sheltered environment for folding of large polypeptides
nucleotides consist of - CORRECT ANSWER-pentose sugar, nitrogenous base,
phosphate group
, RNA world hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER-hypothesis that earlier forms of life
may have relied solely on RNA to store genetic info and to catalyze chemical
reactions
Alpha helix vs beta sheets - CORRECT ANSWER-Alpha: can be extended in
length if subjected to pulling forces
Beta strands: highly extended and resist pulling
magnification vs resolution - CORRECT ANSWER-Mag = enlargement of an
object
resolution = quality of the image (ability to see finer, distinguishing details)
phase-contrast microscopy advantage - CORRECT ANSWER-able to visualize
live cells
fluorescence microscopy - CORRECT ANSWER-uses a fluorescent dye that
emits fluorescence when illuminated with ultraviolet radiation
Common features between PROK and EUK (9) - CORRECT ANSWER-PM,
genetic info (DNA), similar mechanisms for transcription/translation, shared
