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336 Quick Review Series: BDS 2nd Year
Q. 5. Rapid tests for HIV infection 2. Immunochromatographic tests
3. Coated particle agglutination
Ans. A number of rapid tests have been introduced for
4. Immunoperoxidase
the purpose of testing single samples quickly. They are as
5. Dip stick tests
follows:
Tests using finger prick blood, saliva and urine have also
1. Cylinder or cassette ELISA been developed.
Part IV
Systemic Mycology
Topic 37
Fungal Diseases
LONG ESSAY
Q. 1. Give an account of infections caused by Candida ii. Lesions of Skin
albicans. Describe laboratory diagnosis of candida.
1. Lesions of the skin usually develop in sites that may
Ans. become abnormally moist and warm, e.g. axilla, groin,
perineum, submammary folds and toe clefts.
1. Two forms of Candida albicans exist and both are 2. Cutaneous candidiasis presents as an erythematous,
Gram-positive. scaling or moist lesions with sharply demarcated bor-
a. Spherical or ovoid budding cells of 2–3 3 5–6 mm ders where papular lesions are most prominent.
size. These are yeast or Y forms.
b. Elongated filamentous cells joined end-to-end re-
sembling hyphae and producing spores. iii. Lesions of Nails
2. Various infections caused by C. albicans are as follows: 1. Commonly occur in people who frequently immerse
a. Superficial lesions affecting mucous membranes, their hands in water.
skin, nails, etc. 2. Infection of finger webs, nail folds and nails occur as
b. Systemic candidiasis reddened swelling resembling pyogenic paronychia.
a. Superficial Lesions iv. Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Superficial lesions are as follows: It is a rare form of intractable disfiguring condition of face
and scalp and usually becomes apparent in childhood.
i. Lesions of Mucous Membranes
1. Infection of the mouth (oral thrush) is characterized b. Systemic Candidiasis
by the development of discrete white patches on the 1. It is usually encountered with serous abnormality of the
mucosal surface occurs most frequently in infancy and host and in certain groups of hospitalized patients par-
old age. ticularly in overgrowth of commensal yeasts in mouth
2. Intestinal candidiasis is a sequela of the oral antibiotic and gastrointestinal tract in association with antibiotic
therapy presenting as diarrhoea. and steroid therapy.
3. Vaginal thrush characterized by typical white lesions 2. The infection may be widely disseminated and leading
usually develops on epithelial surfaces of vulva, vagina to infection of kidney and brain associated with a septi-
and cervix. Balanitis in male may occur following sex- caemia.
ual contact.
336 Quick Review Series: BDS 2nd Year
Q. 5. Rapid tests for HIV infection 2. Immunochromatographic tests
3. Coated particle agglutination
Ans. A number of rapid tests have been introduced for
4. Immunoperoxidase
the purpose of testing single samples quickly. They are as
5. Dip stick tests
follows:
Tests using finger prick blood, saliva and urine have also
1. Cylinder or cassette ELISA been developed.
Part IV
Systemic Mycology
Topic 37
Fungal Diseases
LONG ESSAY
Q. 1. Give an account of infections caused by Candida ii. Lesions of Skin
albicans. Describe laboratory diagnosis of candida.
1. Lesions of the skin usually develop in sites that may
Ans. become abnormally moist and warm, e.g. axilla, groin,
perineum, submammary folds and toe clefts.
1. Two forms of Candida albicans exist and both are 2. Cutaneous candidiasis presents as an erythematous,
Gram-positive. scaling or moist lesions with sharply demarcated bor-
a. Spherical or ovoid budding cells of 2–3 3 5–6 mm ders where papular lesions are most prominent.
size. These are yeast or Y forms.
b. Elongated filamentous cells joined end-to-end re-
sembling hyphae and producing spores. iii. Lesions of Nails
2. Various infections caused by C. albicans are as follows: 1. Commonly occur in people who frequently immerse
a. Superficial lesions affecting mucous membranes, their hands in water.
skin, nails, etc. 2. Infection of finger webs, nail folds and nails occur as
b. Systemic candidiasis reddened swelling resembling pyogenic paronychia.
a. Superficial Lesions iv. Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Superficial lesions are as follows: It is a rare form of intractable disfiguring condition of face
and scalp and usually becomes apparent in childhood.
i. Lesions of Mucous Membranes
1. Infection of the mouth (oral thrush) is characterized b. Systemic Candidiasis
by the development of discrete white patches on the 1. It is usually encountered with serous abnormality of the
mucosal surface occurs most frequently in infancy and host and in certain groups of hospitalized patients par-
old age. ticularly in overgrowth of commensal yeasts in mouth
2. Intestinal candidiasis is a sequela of the oral antibiotic and gastrointestinal tract in association with antibiotic
therapy presenting as diarrhoea. and steroid therapy.
3. Vaginal thrush characterized by typical white lesions 2. The infection may be widely disseminated and leading
usually develops on epithelial surfaces of vulva, vagina to infection of kidney and brain associated with a septi-
and cervix. Balanitis in male may occur following sex- caemia.
ual contact.
