RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2
CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ Cushing's ulcers.
Answer: stress ulcers associated with head injuries
◍ manifestations of Hypermagnesemia.
Answer: similar to hypercalcemia
◍ testicular torsion.
Answer: • Abnormal rotation of the testes on the spermatic cord• Causes:
trauma, but can also occur spontaneously• Manifestations: sudden scrotal
edema and pain• Treatment: manual manipulation and surgery
◍ Acidosis (acid base balancing).
Answer: Acidosis = ph < 7.35CO2 > 45HCO3 <22
◍ Stress ulcers.
Answer: • Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body
due to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach,
and decreased GI motility.
◍ Inflammatory bowel diseases.
Answer: Ulcerative colitis (ulcers in bowels) and Crohns disease (cobble
stone)
◍ Pancreatitis.
Answer: Inflammation of the pancreas• Can be acute or chronic.• Causes:
alcohol abuse• Treatment- Close monitoring and aggressive management-
Resting the pancreas by fasting, administering intravenous nutrition, and
gradually advancing diet from clear liquids as tolerated to low fat-
, Pancreatic enzyme supplements when diet is resumed- Maintaining
hydration status with intravenous fluids- Nasogastric tube with intermittent
suction- Antiemetic agents- Pain management- Antacids and acid-reducing
agents- Anticholinergic agents- Antibiotic therapy- Insulin- Identifying and
treating complications early
◍ second degree burn.
Answer: affect the epidermis and dermis and cause pain, erythema, edema,
and blistering
◍ Define Paget's disease.
Answer: A chronic condition in which both the breakdown and regrowth of
bone are increased. Paget disease of bone occurs most frequently in the
pelvic and leg bones, skull, and lower spine. It is most common in older
individuals, and may lead to bone pain, deformities, and fractures.
◍ acquired immunity.
Answer: Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific.
◍ examples of acquired immunity.
Answer: 1) having the infection 2) vaccination
◍ Cellulitis.
Answer: Inflammation, Usually results from a direct invasion of pathogens
through a break in the skin, especially those breaches where contamination
is likely, or spreads from an existing skin infectionAppears as a swollen,
warm, tender area of erythema, fever
◍ Lamellae.
Answer: thin layers of osteocytes
◍ Gastroenteritis.
Answer: Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an
infection or allergic reaction
◍ Cushing's syndrome.
Answer: Condition of excessive amounts of glucocorticoids• Causes:
, iatrogenic from ingestion of glucocorticoid medications, adrenal tumors that
secrete glucocorticoids, pituitary tumors that secrete ACTH (made in
pituitary) and cortisol (made in adrenal gland) , and paraneoplastic
syndrome• Manifestations: obesity (especially around the trunk), "moon"
face, "buffalo hump," muscle weakness• Treatment: gradual tapering of any
glucocorticoids, surgery, and radiation
◍ Intrarenal conditions.
Answer: • Reduced blood supply within the kidneys• Hemolytic uremic
syndrome• Renal inflammation• Toxic injury
◍ Myxedema.
Answer: • Rare and life-threatening advanced hypothyroidismManifestations
include marked hypotension, respiratory depression, hypothermia, lethargy,
and coma
◍ ovarian cancer.
Answer: • Ninth most frequent cancer in women and fifth leading cause of
cancer death.• Prevalence and mortality rates are the highest in Caucasian
women.• Risk factors: genetic predisposition (defects on the BRCA1 and
BRCA2 genes), advancing age, infertility, excessive estrogen exposure,
obesity, and androgen hormone therapy.• Manifestations: abdominal
distention, pelvic pain, eating disturbances, bowel pattern changes,
gastrointestinal discomfort, pain during sexual intercourse, malaise, urinary
frequency, and menstruation changes• Treatment: bilateral
salpingo-oophorectomy, hysterectomy, and chemotherapy
◍ Define ankylosing spondylitis.
Answer: Chronic inflammatory disease that, over time, can cause some of
the bones in the spine (vertebrae) to fuse. This fusing makes the spine less
flexible and can result in a hunched posture. If ribs are affected, it can be
difficult to breathe deeply (spinal arthritis)
◍ pathologic fracture.
Answer: results from a weakness in the bone structure secondary to
conditions such as tumors or osteoporosis
, ◍ Rough ER.
Answer: That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
◍ Body Defense Mechanisms.
Answer: skin, antibodies, macrophages, lymphocytes
◍ gastritis Treatment.
Answer: Acute is often self-limiting and resolves within 3 days. Treatment
strategies for acute vary depending on the underlying etiology (e.g.,
antibiotics). Treatment strategies for chronic include etiology-specific
interventions, antacids, acid-reducing agents, and mucosal barrier agents.
◍ Lice.
Answer: small insects that attach to hair and feed on human blood
◍ Pregnancy induced hypertension PIH.
Answer: Other names include toxemia, and preeclampsia. Indicators induce
high blood pressure, proteinuria, and edema. It can worsen and turn into
eclampsia.
◍ nonketotic hyperglycemia hyperosmolar syndrome (NHHS).
Answer: Diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome is a serious condition caused by
extremely high blood sugar levels. The condition most commonly occurs in
people with type 2 diabetes. It's often triggered by illness or infection.In
diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome, your body tries to rid itself of the excess
blood sugar by passing it into your urine. Left untreated, diabetic
hyperosmolar syndrome can lead to life-threatening dehydration. Prompt
medical care is essential.SymptomsDiabetic hyperosmolar syndrome can
take days or weeks to develop. Possible signs and symptoms include:· Blood
sugar level of 600 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or 33.3 millimoles per
liter (mmol/L) or higher· Excessive thirst· Dry mouth· Increased urination·
Warm, dry skin· Fever· Drowsiness, confusion· Hallucinations· Vision loss·
Convulsions· Coma
◍ atrophy.
Answer: the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline
CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ Cushing's ulcers.
Answer: stress ulcers associated with head injuries
◍ manifestations of Hypermagnesemia.
Answer: similar to hypercalcemia
◍ testicular torsion.
Answer: • Abnormal rotation of the testes on the spermatic cord• Causes:
trauma, but can also occur spontaneously• Manifestations: sudden scrotal
edema and pain• Treatment: manual manipulation and surgery
◍ Acidosis (acid base balancing).
Answer: Acidosis = ph < 7.35CO2 > 45HCO3 <22
◍ Stress ulcers.
Answer: • Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body
due to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach,
and decreased GI motility.
◍ Inflammatory bowel diseases.
Answer: Ulcerative colitis (ulcers in bowels) and Crohns disease (cobble
stone)
◍ Pancreatitis.
Answer: Inflammation of the pancreas• Can be acute or chronic.• Causes:
alcohol abuse• Treatment- Close monitoring and aggressive management-
Resting the pancreas by fasting, administering intravenous nutrition, and
gradually advancing diet from clear liquids as tolerated to low fat-
, Pancreatic enzyme supplements when diet is resumed- Maintaining
hydration status with intravenous fluids- Nasogastric tube with intermittent
suction- Antiemetic agents- Pain management- Antacids and acid-reducing
agents- Anticholinergic agents- Antibiotic therapy- Insulin- Identifying and
treating complications early
◍ second degree burn.
Answer: affect the epidermis and dermis and cause pain, erythema, edema,
and blistering
◍ Define Paget's disease.
Answer: A chronic condition in which both the breakdown and regrowth of
bone are increased. Paget disease of bone occurs most frequently in the
pelvic and leg bones, skull, and lower spine. It is most common in older
individuals, and may lead to bone pain, deformities, and fractures.
◍ acquired immunity.
Answer: Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific.
◍ examples of acquired immunity.
Answer: 1) having the infection 2) vaccination
◍ Cellulitis.
Answer: Inflammation, Usually results from a direct invasion of pathogens
through a break in the skin, especially those breaches where contamination
is likely, or spreads from an existing skin infectionAppears as a swollen,
warm, tender area of erythema, fever
◍ Lamellae.
Answer: thin layers of osteocytes
◍ Gastroenteritis.
Answer: Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an
infection or allergic reaction
◍ Cushing's syndrome.
Answer: Condition of excessive amounts of glucocorticoids• Causes:
, iatrogenic from ingestion of glucocorticoid medications, adrenal tumors that
secrete glucocorticoids, pituitary tumors that secrete ACTH (made in
pituitary) and cortisol (made in adrenal gland) , and paraneoplastic
syndrome• Manifestations: obesity (especially around the trunk), "moon"
face, "buffalo hump," muscle weakness• Treatment: gradual tapering of any
glucocorticoids, surgery, and radiation
◍ Intrarenal conditions.
Answer: • Reduced blood supply within the kidneys• Hemolytic uremic
syndrome• Renal inflammation• Toxic injury
◍ Myxedema.
Answer: • Rare and life-threatening advanced hypothyroidismManifestations
include marked hypotension, respiratory depression, hypothermia, lethargy,
and coma
◍ ovarian cancer.
Answer: • Ninth most frequent cancer in women and fifth leading cause of
cancer death.• Prevalence and mortality rates are the highest in Caucasian
women.• Risk factors: genetic predisposition (defects on the BRCA1 and
BRCA2 genes), advancing age, infertility, excessive estrogen exposure,
obesity, and androgen hormone therapy.• Manifestations: abdominal
distention, pelvic pain, eating disturbances, bowel pattern changes,
gastrointestinal discomfort, pain during sexual intercourse, malaise, urinary
frequency, and menstruation changes• Treatment: bilateral
salpingo-oophorectomy, hysterectomy, and chemotherapy
◍ Define ankylosing spondylitis.
Answer: Chronic inflammatory disease that, over time, can cause some of
the bones in the spine (vertebrae) to fuse. This fusing makes the spine less
flexible and can result in a hunched posture. If ribs are affected, it can be
difficult to breathe deeply (spinal arthritis)
◍ pathologic fracture.
Answer: results from a weakness in the bone structure secondary to
conditions such as tumors or osteoporosis
, ◍ Rough ER.
Answer: That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
◍ Body Defense Mechanisms.
Answer: skin, antibodies, macrophages, lymphocytes
◍ gastritis Treatment.
Answer: Acute is often self-limiting and resolves within 3 days. Treatment
strategies for acute vary depending on the underlying etiology (e.g.,
antibiotics). Treatment strategies for chronic include etiology-specific
interventions, antacids, acid-reducing agents, and mucosal barrier agents.
◍ Lice.
Answer: small insects that attach to hair and feed on human blood
◍ Pregnancy induced hypertension PIH.
Answer: Other names include toxemia, and preeclampsia. Indicators induce
high blood pressure, proteinuria, and edema. It can worsen and turn into
eclampsia.
◍ nonketotic hyperglycemia hyperosmolar syndrome (NHHS).
Answer: Diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome is a serious condition caused by
extremely high blood sugar levels. The condition most commonly occurs in
people with type 2 diabetes. It's often triggered by illness or infection.In
diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome, your body tries to rid itself of the excess
blood sugar by passing it into your urine. Left untreated, diabetic
hyperosmolar syndrome can lead to life-threatening dehydration. Prompt
medical care is essential.SymptomsDiabetic hyperosmolar syndrome can
take days or weeks to develop. Possible signs and symptoms include:· Blood
sugar level of 600 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or 33.3 millimoles per
liter (mmol/L) or higher· Excessive thirst· Dry mouth· Increased urination·
Warm, dry skin· Fever· Drowsiness, confusion· Hallucinations· Vision loss·
Convulsions· Coma
◍ atrophy.
Answer: the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline
