FINAL 2026 COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
◉ "Positive consensual light reflex" means... Answer: simultaneous
constriction
◉ The thickening and yellowing of the lens due to aging is described
as: Answer: cataract
◉ Eye emergency Answer: sudden change in vision
◉ Visual acuity is assessed with: Answer: Snellen eye chart
◉ The cover test is used to assess for: Answer: muscle weakness
◉ When using the ophthalmoscope, you would: Answer: remove
your own glasses and approach the patient's left eye with your left
eye
◉ The 6 eye muscles that control eye movement are innervated by
cranial nerves: Answer: III, IV, VI
,◉ Conjunctivitis Answer: redness of the conjunctiva
◉ normal peripheral vision would see finger at Answer: 90 degrees
◉ patient blind in left eye, what happens when light in right Answer:
both constrict
◉ interruption of red reflex happens when Answer: there is opacity
of cornea or lens
◉ One cause of visual impairment in aging adults is: Answer:
glaucoma
◉ PERRLA Answer: pupils equal, round, reactive to light and
accommodation
◉ cause of red reflex Answer: light reflecting from the retina
◉ color of tympanic membrane Answer: pearly gray
◉ sensioneural hearing loss Answer: related to gradual nerve
degeneration
,◉ Before ear exam, palate Answer: pinna, tragus, and mastoid
process
◉ Ear exam of 3 year old Answer: pull pinna down
◉ ear exam of adult Answer: pull pinna up and back
◉ darwin tubercle Answer: a congenital, painless nodule at the helix
◉ when assessing patients ear Answer: tilt head away from
examiner
◉ The hearing receptors are located in the Answer: cochlea
◉ The sensation of vertigo may indicate: Answer: pathology in the
semicircular canals
◉ common cause of conductive hearing loss Answer: impacted
cerumen
◉ Signs of ear infection Answer: absent light reflex, red and bulging
drum
, ◉ Reducing risk of ear infection Answer: dont smoke in house or car
◉ assessing hearing in babies Answer: watch for head turn when
you call their name
◉ patient w head injury has clear watery drainage from ear Answer:
consider possible basal skull fracture, refer immediately
◉ common site of nose bleeds Answer: kiesselbach plexus
◉ Which sinuses can you assess through examination? Answer:
frontal and maxillary
◉ the frenulum is the Answer: midline fold of tissue that connects
the tongue to the floor of the mouth
◉ The largest salivary gland is located: Answer: within the cheeks in
front of the ear
◉ old woman with dry mouth Answer: medication
◉ find a deviated septum, what next Answer: document in case it
needs suction