CBCC-KA STUDY GUIDE 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Flooding Exposure Plans - ✔✔Flooding involves exposing a dog to a stimulus that is
likely to invoke a fear response, and maintaining prolonged exposure to the stimulus
until the dog stops reacting. This is the opposite of desensitization (see "Systematic
Desensitization" definition below). Flooding should be avoided in dogs due to the risk of
invoking a fear response.
✔✔Luring - ✔✔Using food or a toy to guide the dog into a position. The food may be
held in front of the dog's nose or face and then moved slowly away from the dog to
encourage forward movement or moved to a position to direct the dog's gaze. Moving
food above and slightly behind the dog's gaze will often cause the dog to sit down as
they move their head to see the lure.
✔✔Marker - ✔✔A marker is a signal to the learner to identify the exact moment in time
that a desired behavior is occurring. A clicker or a verbal, "good" or "yes" are examples
of markers.
✔✔Reward-based Training - ✔✔Reward-based training involves giving your dog
rewards for behaviors you want to encourage and removing the rewards for behaviors
you don't want your dog to do. In addition to selectively rewarding behaviors you like,
setting your dog up to be likely to do the preferred behaviors and giving enough
information that your dog can learn what behaviors you like, are important components
to a reward-based training plan. Rewards can be anything your dog enjoys (food, toys,
play, attention) to reinforce a specific behavior. A behavior that is reinforced is more
likely to be repeated.
✔✔Shaping - ✔✔A training technique where the trainer selectively reinforces natural
variations in behaviors that are closer to the goal behavior. The variation in the learner's
behavior will move toward the goal behavior as the trainer reinforces steps along the
way.
✔✔Systematic Desensitization - ✔✔A gradual, controlled exposure to increasingly
intense stimuli to increase the animal's tolerance of the stimulus. The starting intensity
and rate of increase in the intensity should be slow enough not to provoke an
appreciable fear response in the animal.
✔✔LIMA- Least Intrusive, Minimally Aversive - ✔✔A strategy used out of a set of
humane and effective tactics likely to succeed in achieving a training or behavior
change objective. It requires trainers/consultants to work to increase the use of positive
reinforcement and eliminate the use of punishment when working with animal and
human clients.
✔✔physiology - ✔✔The study of body function
, ✔✔Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - ✔✔(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety
and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5)
Self Actualization
✔✔physiological - ✔✔having to do with an organism's physical processes
✔✔psychological - ✔✔of, affecting, or arising in the mind; related to the mental and
emotional state of a person.
✔✔dominance theory - ✔✔The false notion that dogs, by default, will attempt to achieve
social dominance over the owner/handler making it necessary to use discipline and
harsh training methods in dogs.
✔✔learning - ✔✔The acquisition of new knowledge or behavior through experience or
study (Serpell)
✔✔reinforcement - ✔✔a stimulus change that increases the probability of a behavior
✔✔punishment - ✔✔a stimulus change that decreases the probability of occurance of
the preceding behavior
✔✔the four quadrants - ✔✔types of operant conditioning that shape behavior based on
its consequences based on a stimulus being added (positive) or removed (negative)
from the situation
✔✔examples of positive reinforcement - ✔✔Food, toys, praise, petting,1 opportunity to
do desirable
✔✔examples of positive punishment - ✔✔Leash correction (jerking leash), hitting,
shock, yelling, "alpha- roll," "dominance down," poking, scolding
✔✔examples of negative reinforcement - ✔✔Loosening a tightened lead on choke
collar, discontinuation of shock, discontinuation of ear pinch and other aversive stimuli
✔✔examples of negative punishment - ✔✔Turning one's back on the dog, leaving dog
abruptly, removing toy, with- holding food
✔✔effects of positive punishment - ✔✔causes fear, pain, anxiety, defensive aggression,
breaks trust, teaches dog that humans are unpredictable
✔✔Extinction - ✔✔the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical
conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned
stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Flooding Exposure Plans - ✔✔Flooding involves exposing a dog to a stimulus that is
likely to invoke a fear response, and maintaining prolonged exposure to the stimulus
until the dog stops reacting. This is the opposite of desensitization (see "Systematic
Desensitization" definition below). Flooding should be avoided in dogs due to the risk of
invoking a fear response.
✔✔Luring - ✔✔Using food or a toy to guide the dog into a position. The food may be
held in front of the dog's nose or face and then moved slowly away from the dog to
encourage forward movement or moved to a position to direct the dog's gaze. Moving
food above and slightly behind the dog's gaze will often cause the dog to sit down as
they move their head to see the lure.
✔✔Marker - ✔✔A marker is a signal to the learner to identify the exact moment in time
that a desired behavior is occurring. A clicker or a verbal, "good" or "yes" are examples
of markers.
✔✔Reward-based Training - ✔✔Reward-based training involves giving your dog
rewards for behaviors you want to encourage and removing the rewards for behaviors
you don't want your dog to do. In addition to selectively rewarding behaviors you like,
setting your dog up to be likely to do the preferred behaviors and giving enough
information that your dog can learn what behaviors you like, are important components
to a reward-based training plan. Rewards can be anything your dog enjoys (food, toys,
play, attention) to reinforce a specific behavior. A behavior that is reinforced is more
likely to be repeated.
✔✔Shaping - ✔✔A training technique where the trainer selectively reinforces natural
variations in behaviors that are closer to the goal behavior. The variation in the learner's
behavior will move toward the goal behavior as the trainer reinforces steps along the
way.
✔✔Systematic Desensitization - ✔✔A gradual, controlled exposure to increasingly
intense stimuli to increase the animal's tolerance of the stimulus. The starting intensity
and rate of increase in the intensity should be slow enough not to provoke an
appreciable fear response in the animal.
✔✔LIMA- Least Intrusive, Minimally Aversive - ✔✔A strategy used out of a set of
humane and effective tactics likely to succeed in achieving a training or behavior
change objective. It requires trainers/consultants to work to increase the use of positive
reinforcement and eliminate the use of punishment when working with animal and
human clients.
✔✔physiology - ✔✔The study of body function
, ✔✔Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - ✔✔(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety
and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5)
Self Actualization
✔✔physiological - ✔✔having to do with an organism's physical processes
✔✔psychological - ✔✔of, affecting, or arising in the mind; related to the mental and
emotional state of a person.
✔✔dominance theory - ✔✔The false notion that dogs, by default, will attempt to achieve
social dominance over the owner/handler making it necessary to use discipline and
harsh training methods in dogs.
✔✔learning - ✔✔The acquisition of new knowledge or behavior through experience or
study (Serpell)
✔✔reinforcement - ✔✔a stimulus change that increases the probability of a behavior
✔✔punishment - ✔✔a stimulus change that decreases the probability of occurance of
the preceding behavior
✔✔the four quadrants - ✔✔types of operant conditioning that shape behavior based on
its consequences based on a stimulus being added (positive) or removed (negative)
from the situation
✔✔examples of positive reinforcement - ✔✔Food, toys, praise, petting,1 opportunity to
do desirable
✔✔examples of positive punishment - ✔✔Leash correction (jerking leash), hitting,
shock, yelling, "alpha- roll," "dominance down," poking, scolding
✔✔examples of negative reinforcement - ✔✔Loosening a tightened lead on choke
collar, discontinuation of shock, discontinuation of ear pinch and other aversive stimuli
✔✔examples of negative punishment - ✔✔Turning one's back on the dog, leaving dog
abruptly, removing toy, with- holding food
✔✔effects of positive punishment - ✔✔causes fear, pain, anxiety, defensive aggression,
breaks trust, teaches dog that humans are unpredictable
✔✔Extinction - ✔✔the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical
conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned
stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
