CBCC-KA FINAL EXAM 2026 ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Define: Partial Reinforcement Effect - ✔✔Increased Resistance to Extinction
following intermittant reinforcement
✔✔Define: Differential Reinforcement of Alternate behaviour - ✔✔The procedure of
reinforcing an alternative behaviour instead of the target behaviour
✔✔How are normal and abnormal behaviour functionally equivalent? - ✔✔They serve
the same purpose or produce the same consequences (Edward Carr)
✔✔Define: DRI - ✔✔Differential Reinforcement Incompatible Behaviour
✔✔Define: Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviour - ✔✔The procedure of
reinforcing a behaviour that incompatible with the target behaviour
✔✔What are the rules of using differential reinforcement - ✔✔1. Define the target
behaviour2. Put the undesirable target behaviour on extinction3. Reinforce the desirable
target behaviour (or rate of behaviour)4. Monitor the results
✔✔Define: Task Analysis - ✔✔The process of breaking a behaviour chain into its
component parts
✔✔Define: Shaping - ✔✔The successive approximation of behaviour
✔✔How can you introduce variability in a learner who is stuck at a particular point in
shaping? - ✔✔Withhold reinforcement
✔✔Define: Behaviour Chain - ✔✔A sequence of related behaviours, each of which
provides the cue for the next, and the last of which produces a reinforcer
✔✔Define: Chaining - ✔✔The reinforcement of succssive elements of a behaviour chain
✔✔Define: Discrimination Training - ✔✔Any procedure that results in a target behaviour
having different frequencies in different situations
✔✔Define: S delta - ✔✔An event in the presence of which a behaviour is not reinforced
✔✔Define: S dee - ✔✔An event in the presence of which the target behaviour is
reinforced
✔✔Define: Discriminative Stimulus - ✔✔Any event in the presence of which a target
behaviour is likely to have consequences that affect its frequency
,✔✔Define: Stimulus Discrimination - ✔✔The tendency for behaviour to have different
frequencies in different situations
✔✔What can be done to improve generalization? - ✔✔1. observe natural communnities
and reinforce the target behaviour in that context
2. Diversify examplars
3. Loosen experimental control over stimuli and responses involved in training
4. Make unclear the limits of training contingencies
5. Use stimuli that are likely to be found in generalization settings during training
6. Reinforce accurate self reports
7. When generalizations occur, reinforce some of them.
✔✔Define: Train to generalize - ✔✔If generalization itself is considered a response,
reinforce generalized behaviour.
✔✔Define: Program Common Stimuli - ✔✔When there are sufficient elements in
common between the training situation and the natural setting
✔✔Define: Use Indiscriminable contingencies - ✔✔Train so that the learner cannot tell if
the behaviour will produce a reinforcer
✔✔Define: Train Loosely - ✔✔Training conducted with relatively little control over the
stimulus presented
✔✔Define: Time Out - ✔✔the process of reducing the frequency of a target behaviour
by making removal of the learner from a reinforcing situation contingent on the target
behaviour
✔✔Define: Response Cost - ✔✔The process of reducing the frequency of a target
behaviour by making removal of a reinforcer contingent on the target behaviour
✔✔Define: Reprimand - ✔✔To reduce the frequency of a target behaviour by making
disapproval contingent on the target behaviour
✔✔What problem are associated with the use of punishment? - ✔✔Inappropriate use,
moral objections and negative side effects (punishment is reinforcing to the trainer,
conditioned punishers may evolve, learner may imitate the trainer)
✔✔What are the rules for using punishment? - ✔✔1. Define the target behaviours2.
Select the appropriate punishers (use the mildest punisher that will be effective)3. Make
punishment immediate and certain4. Use extinction and differential reinforcement5.
Monitor results
, ✔✔List five kinds of punishment - ✔✔Reprimand, response cost, time out, physical
punishment, overcorrection
✔✔Define: Physical Punishment - ✔✔To reduce the frequency of a target behaviour by
making brief and non injurious contact with the skin contingent on the target behaviour
✔✔Define: Positive practice - ✔✔Repeated performance of the appropriate behaivour
✔✔Define: Overcorrection - ✔✔To reduce the frequency of a target behaviour by
making restitution for damage done and repeated performance of appropriate behaviour
contingent on the target behaviour
✔✔Define: Punisher - ✔✔Any event that, when made contingent on a behaviour,
decreases the frequency of that behaviour
✔✔What are the rules for using extinction? - ✔✔1. Define the target behaviour2. Identify
the reinforcers that maintain the target behaviours3. Withhold all reinforcement of the
target behaviour4. Monitor Results
✔✔Define: Extinction Burst - ✔✔A sharp increase in the frequency of the behaviour on
extinction
✔✔Define: Resurgence - ✔✔The reappearance, during extinction of previously effective
behaviour
✔✔What problems exist when using extinction? - ✔✔1. Uncontrolled reinforcement
2. Duration to effect (slowness)
3. Extinction burst4. Resurgence
5. Spontaneous recovery
✔✔Define: Spontaneous Recovery - ✔✔The reappearance of the target behaviour
following its extinction
✔✔Define: Differential Reinforcement - ✔✔Any procedure that combines extinction and
reinforcement to change the frequency of a target behaviour
✔✔Define: DRL - ✔✔Differential Reinforcement of a Low Rate Behaviour
✔✔Define: Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate - ✔✔The procedure of reinforcing the
target behaviour only when it occurs at a low rate
✔✔How can DRL be applied? - ✔✔By only reinforcing the target behaviour after a given
period of time or when it occurs less than a given number of times in a given period
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Define: Partial Reinforcement Effect - ✔✔Increased Resistance to Extinction
following intermittant reinforcement
✔✔Define: Differential Reinforcement of Alternate behaviour - ✔✔The procedure of
reinforcing an alternative behaviour instead of the target behaviour
✔✔How are normal and abnormal behaviour functionally equivalent? - ✔✔They serve
the same purpose or produce the same consequences (Edward Carr)
✔✔Define: DRI - ✔✔Differential Reinforcement Incompatible Behaviour
✔✔Define: Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviour - ✔✔The procedure of
reinforcing a behaviour that incompatible with the target behaviour
✔✔What are the rules of using differential reinforcement - ✔✔1. Define the target
behaviour2. Put the undesirable target behaviour on extinction3. Reinforce the desirable
target behaviour (or rate of behaviour)4. Monitor the results
✔✔Define: Task Analysis - ✔✔The process of breaking a behaviour chain into its
component parts
✔✔Define: Shaping - ✔✔The successive approximation of behaviour
✔✔How can you introduce variability in a learner who is stuck at a particular point in
shaping? - ✔✔Withhold reinforcement
✔✔Define: Behaviour Chain - ✔✔A sequence of related behaviours, each of which
provides the cue for the next, and the last of which produces a reinforcer
✔✔Define: Chaining - ✔✔The reinforcement of succssive elements of a behaviour chain
✔✔Define: Discrimination Training - ✔✔Any procedure that results in a target behaviour
having different frequencies in different situations
✔✔Define: S delta - ✔✔An event in the presence of which a behaviour is not reinforced
✔✔Define: S dee - ✔✔An event in the presence of which the target behaviour is
reinforced
✔✔Define: Discriminative Stimulus - ✔✔Any event in the presence of which a target
behaviour is likely to have consequences that affect its frequency
,✔✔Define: Stimulus Discrimination - ✔✔The tendency for behaviour to have different
frequencies in different situations
✔✔What can be done to improve generalization? - ✔✔1. observe natural communnities
and reinforce the target behaviour in that context
2. Diversify examplars
3. Loosen experimental control over stimuli and responses involved in training
4. Make unclear the limits of training contingencies
5. Use stimuli that are likely to be found in generalization settings during training
6. Reinforce accurate self reports
7. When generalizations occur, reinforce some of them.
✔✔Define: Train to generalize - ✔✔If generalization itself is considered a response,
reinforce generalized behaviour.
✔✔Define: Program Common Stimuli - ✔✔When there are sufficient elements in
common between the training situation and the natural setting
✔✔Define: Use Indiscriminable contingencies - ✔✔Train so that the learner cannot tell if
the behaviour will produce a reinforcer
✔✔Define: Train Loosely - ✔✔Training conducted with relatively little control over the
stimulus presented
✔✔Define: Time Out - ✔✔the process of reducing the frequency of a target behaviour
by making removal of the learner from a reinforcing situation contingent on the target
behaviour
✔✔Define: Response Cost - ✔✔The process of reducing the frequency of a target
behaviour by making removal of a reinforcer contingent on the target behaviour
✔✔Define: Reprimand - ✔✔To reduce the frequency of a target behaviour by making
disapproval contingent on the target behaviour
✔✔What problem are associated with the use of punishment? - ✔✔Inappropriate use,
moral objections and negative side effects (punishment is reinforcing to the trainer,
conditioned punishers may evolve, learner may imitate the trainer)
✔✔What are the rules for using punishment? - ✔✔1. Define the target behaviours2.
Select the appropriate punishers (use the mildest punisher that will be effective)3. Make
punishment immediate and certain4. Use extinction and differential reinforcement5.
Monitor results
, ✔✔List five kinds of punishment - ✔✔Reprimand, response cost, time out, physical
punishment, overcorrection
✔✔Define: Physical Punishment - ✔✔To reduce the frequency of a target behaviour by
making brief and non injurious contact with the skin contingent on the target behaviour
✔✔Define: Positive practice - ✔✔Repeated performance of the appropriate behaivour
✔✔Define: Overcorrection - ✔✔To reduce the frequency of a target behaviour by
making restitution for damage done and repeated performance of appropriate behaviour
contingent on the target behaviour
✔✔Define: Punisher - ✔✔Any event that, when made contingent on a behaviour,
decreases the frequency of that behaviour
✔✔What are the rules for using extinction? - ✔✔1. Define the target behaviour2. Identify
the reinforcers that maintain the target behaviours3. Withhold all reinforcement of the
target behaviour4. Monitor Results
✔✔Define: Extinction Burst - ✔✔A sharp increase in the frequency of the behaviour on
extinction
✔✔Define: Resurgence - ✔✔The reappearance, during extinction of previously effective
behaviour
✔✔What problems exist when using extinction? - ✔✔1. Uncontrolled reinforcement
2. Duration to effect (slowness)
3. Extinction burst4. Resurgence
5. Spontaneous recovery
✔✔Define: Spontaneous Recovery - ✔✔The reappearance of the target behaviour
following its extinction
✔✔Define: Differential Reinforcement - ✔✔Any procedure that combines extinction and
reinforcement to change the frequency of a target behaviour
✔✔Define: DRL - ✔✔Differential Reinforcement of a Low Rate Behaviour
✔✔Define: Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate - ✔✔The procedure of reinforcing the
target behaviour only when it occurs at a low rate
✔✔How can DRL be applied? - ✔✔By only reinforcing the target behaviour after a given
period of time or when it occurs less than a given number of times in a given period
