CBCC-KA UPDATED 2026 EXAM SCRIPT QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Define: Desensitization Training - ✔✔Any form of counter conditioning training that
reduces an inappropriate negative response to an event
✔✔Define: Conditioned Response - ✔✔The response to the conditioned stimulus
following learning
✔✔Define: Counterconditioning - ✔✔The use of Pavlovian conditioning to undo the
adverse effects of earlier conditioning
✔✔Define: Unconditioned Response - ✔✔Any response that does not require learning
✔✔Define: Conditioned Stimulus - ✔✔Any stimulus that when paired with an
unconditioned response produces that response after learning
✔✔Define: Unconditioned Stimulus - ✔✔A stimulus that elicits a response but that does
not need to be learned
✔✔Define: Sensitization Training - ✔✔Any form of counterconditioning that reduces an
inappropriate positive response to an event
occurs when repeated exposure or a single exposure to a stimulus inc. the intensity of
response
ex: if you are walking down the hall right after watching a scary movie & your friend
pops out and says Boo! you will likely startle --> sensitizes other stimuli than the one
being exposed to
✔✔Define: Aversion Therapy - ✔✔The application of an aversive stimulus when paired
with a stimulus that evokes an inappropriate positive response
✔✔What are the rules for counterconditioning? - ✔✔1. Define the target behaviour2.
Identify the stimuli to be paired3. Pair the appropriate stimuli4. Monitor results
✔✔Why might changing someone else's behaviour be unethical? - ✔✔It might be
dehumanizing, cruel or manipulative
✔✔What are the rules for changing behaviour ethically? - ✔✔1. Encourage the person
whose behaviour is to be changed to participate in the design of the intervention2. Avoid
aversives whenever possible3. Consider the alternatives to the planned intervention4.
Monitor the results
,✔✔What is the difference between a fixed interval and a fixed time schedule? - ✔✔With
fixed time schedules, the reinforcer is delivered regardless of behaviour, while with fixed
interval schedules, the behaviour must occur after the passage of time in order to earn
the reinforcer
✔✔Define: Maintenance Training - ✔✔Intervention procedures that increase the
likelihood that changes in a target behaviour will persist when the intervention is ended
✔✔Define: Social Contract - ✔✔The attempt by society to maintain high rates of certain
behaviours and low rates of other behaviours by means of cintingency ontracts
✔✔Define: Backup Reinforcer - ✔✔The reinforcement that you get in exchange for a
token in a token economy
✔✔Define: Token Economy - ✔✔A form of contingency ontract usually involving a group
of people in which the reinforcers are tokens
✔✔Define: Contingency Contract - ✔✔An agreement between two or more parties
about what each is to do for the other
✔✔Define: Stretching the Ration - ✔✔Gradually increasing the number of times a
behaviour must be performed to qualify for reinforcement
✔✔Define: Ration Strain - ✔✔A reduction in the rate of target behaviour and an
increase in emotional behaivour resulting from increases in the ratio of behaviour to
reinforcment
✔✔How can you recognize a fixed interval schedule on a cumulitive frequency graph? -
✔✔The scalloped pattern reflects the lack of effort post reinforcement and the high
degree of effort pre-reinforcement
✔✔Define: Maintenance Schedule - ✔✔A reinforcment schedule that maintains a target
behaviour at a desired rate.
✔✔Define: Train sufficient exemplars - ✔✔Train enough variants of the environment or
of the behaviour and the target behaviour will generalize
✔✔Define: Sequential Modification - ✔✔Train and then evaluate for generalization and
retrain if necessary
✔✔Define: Train and Hope - ✔✔Teaching individuals a desired skill within a treatment
session and hoping the individual will generalize the use of that skill w/out
implementation of a pre-determined plan or strategy to facilitate generalization
, ✔✔What are the rules for increasing generalization? - ✔✔1. Define the target behaviour
so as to include many variations.2. Make the training situations resemble natural
situations3. Monitor the target behaviour in natural settings
✔✔Define: Response Generalization - ✔✔The tendency of the effects of training one
behaviour to spread to other behaviours
✔✔Define: Stimulus Generalization - ✔✔The tendency for the effects of training in one
situation to spread to other situations
✔✔Define: Generalization - ✔✔The tendency for the effects of training to spread
✔✔What can be done to ensure maintenance of learned behaviours? - ✔✔1. Continue
the intervention well after the target behaviour has changed.2. Expose the target
behaviour to its natural reinforcers3. Teach the person to obtain reinforcement for the
target behaviour.4. Shape tolerance for delayed and uncertain reinforcement.5. Fade
the intervention program
✔✔What needs to be available before you attempt to change a target behaviour? -
✔✔A natural reinforcer (Carr et al.)
✔✔In a token economy, what is defined ahead of time? - ✔✔The back up reinforcers
✔✔What does DRO stand for and what is it equivalent to? - ✔✔Differential
Reinforcement of Other, equivalent to DRA
✔✔Define: Differential Reinforcment of High Rate Behaviour - ✔✔A procedure for
increasing behavioural frequency by reinforcing the target behaviour if it occurs at or
above a certain rate
✔✔Define: DRH - ✔✔Differential Reinforcment of High Rate
✔✔What is the defining characteristic of operant behaviour? - ✔✔The behaviour is
sensitive to its consequences
✔✔Define: PRN - ✔✔Pro Re Nata
✔✔Define: Pro Re Nata - ✔✔As occasion arises
✔✔Define: Extinction - ✔✔Withholding the reinforcers that maintain a target behaviour
✔✔What is the effect of extinction? - ✔✔To reduce the frequency of the target
behaviour
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Define: Desensitization Training - ✔✔Any form of counter conditioning training that
reduces an inappropriate negative response to an event
✔✔Define: Conditioned Response - ✔✔The response to the conditioned stimulus
following learning
✔✔Define: Counterconditioning - ✔✔The use of Pavlovian conditioning to undo the
adverse effects of earlier conditioning
✔✔Define: Unconditioned Response - ✔✔Any response that does not require learning
✔✔Define: Conditioned Stimulus - ✔✔Any stimulus that when paired with an
unconditioned response produces that response after learning
✔✔Define: Unconditioned Stimulus - ✔✔A stimulus that elicits a response but that does
not need to be learned
✔✔Define: Sensitization Training - ✔✔Any form of counterconditioning that reduces an
inappropriate positive response to an event
occurs when repeated exposure or a single exposure to a stimulus inc. the intensity of
response
ex: if you are walking down the hall right after watching a scary movie & your friend
pops out and says Boo! you will likely startle --> sensitizes other stimuli than the one
being exposed to
✔✔Define: Aversion Therapy - ✔✔The application of an aversive stimulus when paired
with a stimulus that evokes an inappropriate positive response
✔✔What are the rules for counterconditioning? - ✔✔1. Define the target behaviour2.
Identify the stimuli to be paired3. Pair the appropriate stimuli4. Monitor results
✔✔Why might changing someone else's behaviour be unethical? - ✔✔It might be
dehumanizing, cruel or manipulative
✔✔What are the rules for changing behaviour ethically? - ✔✔1. Encourage the person
whose behaviour is to be changed to participate in the design of the intervention2. Avoid
aversives whenever possible3. Consider the alternatives to the planned intervention4.
Monitor the results
,✔✔What is the difference between a fixed interval and a fixed time schedule? - ✔✔With
fixed time schedules, the reinforcer is delivered regardless of behaviour, while with fixed
interval schedules, the behaviour must occur after the passage of time in order to earn
the reinforcer
✔✔Define: Maintenance Training - ✔✔Intervention procedures that increase the
likelihood that changes in a target behaviour will persist when the intervention is ended
✔✔Define: Social Contract - ✔✔The attempt by society to maintain high rates of certain
behaviours and low rates of other behaviours by means of cintingency ontracts
✔✔Define: Backup Reinforcer - ✔✔The reinforcement that you get in exchange for a
token in a token economy
✔✔Define: Token Economy - ✔✔A form of contingency ontract usually involving a group
of people in which the reinforcers are tokens
✔✔Define: Contingency Contract - ✔✔An agreement between two or more parties
about what each is to do for the other
✔✔Define: Stretching the Ration - ✔✔Gradually increasing the number of times a
behaviour must be performed to qualify for reinforcement
✔✔Define: Ration Strain - ✔✔A reduction in the rate of target behaviour and an
increase in emotional behaivour resulting from increases in the ratio of behaviour to
reinforcment
✔✔How can you recognize a fixed interval schedule on a cumulitive frequency graph? -
✔✔The scalloped pattern reflects the lack of effort post reinforcement and the high
degree of effort pre-reinforcement
✔✔Define: Maintenance Schedule - ✔✔A reinforcment schedule that maintains a target
behaviour at a desired rate.
✔✔Define: Train sufficient exemplars - ✔✔Train enough variants of the environment or
of the behaviour and the target behaviour will generalize
✔✔Define: Sequential Modification - ✔✔Train and then evaluate for generalization and
retrain if necessary
✔✔Define: Train and Hope - ✔✔Teaching individuals a desired skill within a treatment
session and hoping the individual will generalize the use of that skill w/out
implementation of a pre-determined plan or strategy to facilitate generalization
, ✔✔What are the rules for increasing generalization? - ✔✔1. Define the target behaviour
so as to include many variations.2. Make the training situations resemble natural
situations3. Monitor the target behaviour in natural settings
✔✔Define: Response Generalization - ✔✔The tendency of the effects of training one
behaviour to spread to other behaviours
✔✔Define: Stimulus Generalization - ✔✔The tendency for the effects of training in one
situation to spread to other situations
✔✔Define: Generalization - ✔✔The tendency for the effects of training to spread
✔✔What can be done to ensure maintenance of learned behaviours? - ✔✔1. Continue
the intervention well after the target behaviour has changed.2. Expose the target
behaviour to its natural reinforcers3. Teach the person to obtain reinforcement for the
target behaviour.4. Shape tolerance for delayed and uncertain reinforcement.5. Fade
the intervention program
✔✔What needs to be available before you attempt to change a target behaviour? -
✔✔A natural reinforcer (Carr et al.)
✔✔In a token economy, what is defined ahead of time? - ✔✔The back up reinforcers
✔✔What does DRO stand for and what is it equivalent to? - ✔✔Differential
Reinforcement of Other, equivalent to DRA
✔✔Define: Differential Reinforcment of High Rate Behaviour - ✔✔A procedure for
increasing behavioural frequency by reinforcing the target behaviour if it occurs at or
above a certain rate
✔✔Define: DRH - ✔✔Differential Reinforcment of High Rate
✔✔What is the defining characteristic of operant behaviour? - ✔✔The behaviour is
sensitive to its consequences
✔✔Define: PRN - ✔✔Pro Re Nata
✔✔Define: Pro Re Nata - ✔✔As occasion arises
✔✔Define: Extinction - ✔✔Withholding the reinforcers that maintain a target behaviour
✔✔What is the effect of extinction? - ✔✔To reduce the frequency of the target
behaviour
