NR283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION TEST PAPER 2026
COMPLETE STUDY QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ Bradycardia. Answer: abnormally slow heart rate - under 60
◉ preload. Answer: volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
◉ Afterload. Answer: resistance against which left ventricle pushes
blood out
◉ Systole. Answer: contraction of heart .... provides increase in
pressure to eject blood
◉ Diastole. Answer: relaxation of heart.... required for filling
chambers
◉ When is preload increased?. Answer: hypervolemia, regurgitation
of cardiac valves, heart failure
,◉ When is afterload increased?. Answer: hypertension,
vasoconstriction
◉ What increases when afterload increases?. Answer: increase in
cardiac workload
◉ What is cardiac output?. Answer: Volume of blood ejected by the
heart in one minute:
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
◉ What is stroke volume?. Answer: Volume of blood pumped out of
ventricle- contraction
◉ The heart sound, lubb is due to the _________ .. Answer: closure of
AV valves
◉ The heart sound, dub is due to the ________.. Answer: closure of
semilunar valves.
◉ pulse rate. Answer: heart rate 60-100 bpm.
◉ What do vasodilators do?. Answer: dilates (opens) blood vessels,
which allows blood to flow more easily
example: nitroglycerin
, ◉ What do beta blockers do?. Answer: -decrease heart rate and
blood pressure
-treat HTN & dysrhythmias
-reduce angina attacks
◉ arteriosclerosis. Answer: hardening of blood vessels
◉ Atherosclerosis. Answer: plaque build up in the coronary artery
causing clots, often leads to MI.
◉ Diuretics. Answer: medications administered to increase urine
secretion in order to remove excess sodium and/or water.
- treats high blood pressure and congestive heart failure
◉ anticoagulant. Answer: a drug that prevents clotting of the blood
◉ low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Answer: Transports cholesterol
from liver to cells
Major factor contributing to atheroma formation
◉ High-density lipoprotein (HDL). Answer: Transports cholesterol
away from the peripheral cells to liver—"good" lipoprotein
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION TEST PAPER 2026
COMPLETE STUDY QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ Bradycardia. Answer: abnormally slow heart rate - under 60
◉ preload. Answer: volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
◉ Afterload. Answer: resistance against which left ventricle pushes
blood out
◉ Systole. Answer: contraction of heart .... provides increase in
pressure to eject blood
◉ Diastole. Answer: relaxation of heart.... required for filling
chambers
◉ When is preload increased?. Answer: hypervolemia, regurgitation
of cardiac valves, heart failure
,◉ When is afterload increased?. Answer: hypertension,
vasoconstriction
◉ What increases when afterload increases?. Answer: increase in
cardiac workload
◉ What is cardiac output?. Answer: Volume of blood ejected by the
heart in one minute:
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
◉ What is stroke volume?. Answer: Volume of blood pumped out of
ventricle- contraction
◉ The heart sound, lubb is due to the _________ .. Answer: closure of
AV valves
◉ The heart sound, dub is due to the ________.. Answer: closure of
semilunar valves.
◉ pulse rate. Answer: heart rate 60-100 bpm.
◉ What do vasodilators do?. Answer: dilates (opens) blood vessels,
which allows blood to flow more easily
example: nitroglycerin
, ◉ What do beta blockers do?. Answer: -decrease heart rate and
blood pressure
-treat HTN & dysrhythmias
-reduce angina attacks
◉ arteriosclerosis. Answer: hardening of blood vessels
◉ Atherosclerosis. Answer: plaque build up in the coronary artery
causing clots, often leads to MI.
◉ Diuretics. Answer: medications administered to increase urine
secretion in order to remove excess sodium and/or water.
- treats high blood pressure and congestive heart failure
◉ anticoagulant. Answer: a drug that prevents clotting of the blood
◉ low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Answer: Transports cholesterol
from liver to cells
Major factor contributing to atheroma formation
◉ High-density lipoprotein (HDL). Answer: Transports cholesterol
away from the peripheral cells to liver—"good" lipoprotein
