NR283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 FINAL TEST
PAPER 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED A+
◉ signs and symptoms specific to viral pneumonia Answer: starts
systemically;
muscle aches
headache
nausea and vomiting
dry cough
weakness
◉ signs and symptoms specific to fungal pneumonia Answer: night
sweats, rash
◉ testing for pneumonia Answer: bacterial pneumonia: culture and
sensitivity testing
Viral pneumonia: PCR testing
Fungal pneumonia: Blood testing for immunoglobulins
,Parasitic pneumonia: blood, sputum, urine, and stool cultures
◉ treatment for pneumonia Answer: antibiotic, antiviral, or
antifungal therapy should be started immediately.
Symptomatic treatments include:
frequent deep breaths and coughing: every 1 to 2 hours to remove
secretions
increase fluid intake
pain & fever medication
decongestants
◉ treatment for pneumonia when serious injury or death is possible
Answer: Chest physiotherapy: loosens secretions
Small volume nebulizer (SVN): a way of delivering medication
deeper into the lung
Proning: repositioning someone on their stomach for a period of
time to allow for better oxygenation of the upper lungs
High-flow oxygen: oxygen delivery using a higher flow rate
Artificial ventilation: using a separate machine to deliver
premeasured breaths, pushing them directly into the lung
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): bypassing the lungs
by pulling blood from the body, oxygenating the blood, then
returning it to the body
,◉ ways to prevent pneumonia Answer: hand washing, social
distancing, vaccination, air filtration, PPE
◉ risk factors for pneumonia Answer: -older than 65 years of age
-declining or poor kidney function
-low blood pressure
-tachypnea
-hypothermic (low temperature)
-abnormal heart rate
-needing assistance with breathing
◉ where does red blood cell production begin? Answer: bone
marrow
◉ Which values are the standard range for hemoglobin in males and
females? Answer: Men 14-18 g/dL; women 12-16 g/dL
◉ pathology of anemia Answer: a decrease in the oxygen-carrying
capacity of blood and consequently a reduction in the amount of
oxygen available to the cells
, ◉ causes of anemia Answer: decreased production of red blood cells
(RBCs) or RBC components
increased destruction of RBCs
excessive loss of RBCs through hemorrhage
sequestration (found in sickle cell anemia)
◉ signs and symptoms of anemia Answer:
dizziness/lightheadedness
tachycardia
pallor
fatigue, irritability, muscle weakness, headache
slowed thought process
decreased attention span
systolic heart murmur
dark urine
splenomegaly
hepatomegaly
icteric sclera, jaundice
low blood pressure (late sign of shock)
cool skin
decreased peripheral pulses
circulatory collapse and pain (found in sickle cell anemia)
PAPER 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED A+
◉ signs and symptoms specific to viral pneumonia Answer: starts
systemically;
muscle aches
headache
nausea and vomiting
dry cough
weakness
◉ signs and symptoms specific to fungal pneumonia Answer: night
sweats, rash
◉ testing for pneumonia Answer: bacterial pneumonia: culture and
sensitivity testing
Viral pneumonia: PCR testing
Fungal pneumonia: Blood testing for immunoglobulins
,Parasitic pneumonia: blood, sputum, urine, and stool cultures
◉ treatment for pneumonia Answer: antibiotic, antiviral, or
antifungal therapy should be started immediately.
Symptomatic treatments include:
frequent deep breaths and coughing: every 1 to 2 hours to remove
secretions
increase fluid intake
pain & fever medication
decongestants
◉ treatment for pneumonia when serious injury or death is possible
Answer: Chest physiotherapy: loosens secretions
Small volume nebulizer (SVN): a way of delivering medication
deeper into the lung
Proning: repositioning someone on their stomach for a period of
time to allow for better oxygenation of the upper lungs
High-flow oxygen: oxygen delivery using a higher flow rate
Artificial ventilation: using a separate machine to deliver
premeasured breaths, pushing them directly into the lung
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): bypassing the lungs
by pulling blood from the body, oxygenating the blood, then
returning it to the body
,◉ ways to prevent pneumonia Answer: hand washing, social
distancing, vaccination, air filtration, PPE
◉ risk factors for pneumonia Answer: -older than 65 years of age
-declining or poor kidney function
-low blood pressure
-tachypnea
-hypothermic (low temperature)
-abnormal heart rate
-needing assistance with breathing
◉ where does red blood cell production begin? Answer: bone
marrow
◉ Which values are the standard range for hemoglobin in males and
females? Answer: Men 14-18 g/dL; women 12-16 g/dL
◉ pathology of anemia Answer: a decrease in the oxygen-carrying
capacity of blood and consequently a reduction in the amount of
oxygen available to the cells
, ◉ causes of anemia Answer: decreased production of red blood cells
(RBCs) or RBC components
increased destruction of RBCs
excessive loss of RBCs through hemorrhage
sequestration (found in sickle cell anemia)
◉ signs and symptoms of anemia Answer:
dizziness/lightheadedness
tachycardia
pallor
fatigue, irritability, muscle weakness, headache
slowed thought process
decreased attention span
systolic heart murmur
dark urine
splenomegaly
hepatomegaly
icteric sclera, jaundice
low blood pressure (late sign of shock)
cool skin
decreased peripheral pulses
circulatory collapse and pain (found in sickle cell anemia)
