NR507 FINAL TEST PAPER 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS VERIFIED A+
◉ What mediates the sympathetic system. Answer: epinephrine and
norepinephrine
◉ What does the sympathetic system promote in the cardiac system.
Answer: vasoconstriction and increased HR
◉ What can uncontrolled tachycardia lead to?. Answer: reduced
stroke volume and fatigue
◉ What are the two parts of the cardiac cycle?. Answer: diastole and
systole
◉ What causes blood to move from the atria to the ventricles.
Answer: gravity and atriole systole
◉ What causes the S1 heart sound?. Answer: Bicuspid/Mitral and
Tricuspid valves closing
,◉ What are the atrioventricular valves?. Answer: tricuspid and
bicuspid (mitral) valves
◉ What are the semilunar valves?. Answer: pulmonary and aortic
valves
◉ What causes the semilunar valves to open?. Answer: As ventricles
contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up
against the SL valves, forcing them to open
◉ ejection fraction. Answer: measurement of the volume percentage
of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction
◉ What causes the semilunar valves to close?. Answer: ventricles
relax and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from the
arteries, and fill the cusps of the semilunar valves
◉ What causes the S2 heart sound?. Answer: closing of semilunar
(aortic and pulmonary) valves
◉ What prevents the backflow into the ventricles. Answer:
semilunar valves
, ◉ Stenosis of heart valve. Answer: A narrowing of the valve opening,
causing turbulent flow and enlargement of the emptying chamber
◉ Stenosis of a heart valve, may result in what?. Answer: Narrowing
of the heart valves means that blood moves with difficulty out of the
heart. Results may include chest pain, edema in the feet or ankles,
and irregular heartbeat. and hypertrophy
◉ heart failure. Answer: cardiac dysfunction caused by the inability
of the heart to provide adequate CO resulting in inadequate tissue
perfusion
◉ Left sided heart failure characteristic. Answer: inability of the left
ventricle to provide adequate blood flow into systemic circulation
◉ Causes of left sided heart failure. Answer: systemic hypertension
left ventricle MI
LV hypertrophy
Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage
Secondary to right heart failure
◉ How does LV hypertrophy lead to left sided heart failure. Answer:
The hypertrophy is secondary to cardiac damage resulting in an
enlarged by weaker structure that holds more blood
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS VERIFIED A+
◉ What mediates the sympathetic system. Answer: epinephrine and
norepinephrine
◉ What does the sympathetic system promote in the cardiac system.
Answer: vasoconstriction and increased HR
◉ What can uncontrolled tachycardia lead to?. Answer: reduced
stroke volume and fatigue
◉ What are the two parts of the cardiac cycle?. Answer: diastole and
systole
◉ What causes blood to move from the atria to the ventricles.
Answer: gravity and atriole systole
◉ What causes the S1 heart sound?. Answer: Bicuspid/Mitral and
Tricuspid valves closing
,◉ What are the atrioventricular valves?. Answer: tricuspid and
bicuspid (mitral) valves
◉ What are the semilunar valves?. Answer: pulmonary and aortic
valves
◉ What causes the semilunar valves to open?. Answer: As ventricles
contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up
against the SL valves, forcing them to open
◉ ejection fraction. Answer: measurement of the volume percentage
of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction
◉ What causes the semilunar valves to close?. Answer: ventricles
relax and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from the
arteries, and fill the cusps of the semilunar valves
◉ What causes the S2 heart sound?. Answer: closing of semilunar
(aortic and pulmonary) valves
◉ What prevents the backflow into the ventricles. Answer:
semilunar valves
, ◉ Stenosis of heart valve. Answer: A narrowing of the valve opening,
causing turbulent flow and enlargement of the emptying chamber
◉ Stenosis of a heart valve, may result in what?. Answer: Narrowing
of the heart valves means that blood moves with difficulty out of the
heart. Results may include chest pain, edema in the feet or ankles,
and irregular heartbeat. and hypertrophy
◉ heart failure. Answer: cardiac dysfunction caused by the inability
of the heart to provide adequate CO resulting in inadequate tissue
perfusion
◉ Left sided heart failure characteristic. Answer: inability of the left
ventricle to provide adequate blood flow into systemic circulation
◉ Causes of left sided heart failure. Answer: systemic hypertension
left ventricle MI
LV hypertrophy
Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage
Secondary to right heart failure
◉ How does LV hypertrophy lead to left sided heart failure. Answer:
The hypertrophy is secondary to cardiac damage resulting in an
enlarged by weaker structure that holds more blood
