GLPTI STUDY GUIDE 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔How does lactate threshold accumulate? - ✔✔Once the glycogen stores in the
muscles are depleted, the body pulls glucose from the bloodstream but breaks down
pyruvate to form lactic acid. The point at which the body begins to form beyond what it
can metabolize with oxygen present is LT
✔✔How fast is anaerobic glycolysis? - ✔✔This system uses glycogen and glucose to
fuel the production of ATP for up to two minutes at max intensity. The body can break
down glucose to make 2 ATP and glycogen to make 3 ATP
✔✔What happens in aerobic glycolysis? - ✔✔Is when glucose breaks down to pyruvate
which enters the mitochondria for the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to
produce 38-100+ ATP
✔✔What are the work-to-rest ratios for the different energy systems? - ✔✔ATP-CP- 1:3
or 1:6 so that would 10 sec of work for 30-60 sec of rest
Anaerobic- 1:2 or 1:5
Aerobic- 2:1 or 1:1
✔✔When does the energy continuum change? - ✔✔It changes depending on the
demand for energy and the particular movement/activity will dictate which process will
be more dominate
✔✔What is an oxygen deficit? - ✔✔Is when the body does not have enough oxygen to
maintain homeostasis and meet the increased level of activity
✔✔What is excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)? - ✔✔This is the oxygen
uptake that takes place during exercise to repay the oxygen debt created during the
session
✔✔The ATP-CP system produces ___ ATP per molecule of creatine phosphate - ✔✔1
✔✔Fatty acid oxidation is fueled by ___ and produces up to ___ ATP per unit of fuel -
✔✔Fat and 100
✔✔What is the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation? -
✔✔Pulmonary circulation is when the right pump (right atrium + right ventricle) collects
deoxygenated blood from tissue and moves it to the lungs for waste and reoxygenation.
Systemic Circulation is when the left pump (left atrium + left ventricle) receives
, oxygenated blood from the lungs and moves it to the tissue and to the right side of the
heart.
✔✔Describe blood circulation. - ✔✔Blood travels from the left ventricle through the
aorta and travels to microscopic vessels called arterioles. These branch into even
smaller vessels called capillaries. Oxygen and nutrients are dropped off from the blood
to the cells. Deoxygenated blood then travels to the right atrium and then right ventricle.
The deoxygenated blood then goes to the lungs and becomes oxygenated via diffusion.
The oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium.
✔✔T/F: Atrium receives blood returning from the heart through veins and passes blood
through the ventricle. - ✔✔True
✔✔Define blood Pressure. What is standard blood pressure? - ✔✔Blood pressure is the
blood being pumped out of the ventricles and exerting force against the arterial walls.
Standard BP is 120/80 mmHg
✔✔What is the equation for cardiac output? - ✔✔Q = HR x SV
✔✔Describe ventilation. - ✔✔Oxygen in air enters our body through inspiration. Air
passes the nasal cavity then through the pharynx, into the trachea, advancing to the
primary, secondary, terminal and to the respiratory bronchioles. Getting to the alveoli
the oxygen is ready to diffuse into the blood and exchange for CO2 for expiration.
Oxygen makes its way to the left atrium then left ventricle. Oxygen then makes its way
through the arteries, then arterioles, then terminating at the capillaries where oxygen
diffuses to the muscle cell and CO2 diffuses out. Oxygen is then used to make ATP via
aerobic metabolism.
✔✔Define VO2 max - ✔✔The maximum amount of oxygen the body can extract and
use in the process of energy production
✔✔List some central training effects. - ✔✔- muscles ability to extract and use oxygen in
different exercise
- heart ability to distribute blood to the working muscles
✔✔What is the target heart rate equation? - ✔✔THR= ((220-age)-Resting
HR)*%+Resting HR
✔✔What are the Training Zones for HR ranges? - ✔✔Aerobic: 60-140 bpm
Aerobic/Anaerobic: 140-170bpm
Anaerobic: 170-190bpm
Anaerobic (ATP-CP): 190-200bpm
*changes depending on age
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔How does lactate threshold accumulate? - ✔✔Once the glycogen stores in the
muscles are depleted, the body pulls glucose from the bloodstream but breaks down
pyruvate to form lactic acid. The point at which the body begins to form beyond what it
can metabolize with oxygen present is LT
✔✔How fast is anaerobic glycolysis? - ✔✔This system uses glycogen and glucose to
fuel the production of ATP for up to two minutes at max intensity. The body can break
down glucose to make 2 ATP and glycogen to make 3 ATP
✔✔What happens in aerobic glycolysis? - ✔✔Is when glucose breaks down to pyruvate
which enters the mitochondria for the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to
produce 38-100+ ATP
✔✔What are the work-to-rest ratios for the different energy systems? - ✔✔ATP-CP- 1:3
or 1:6 so that would 10 sec of work for 30-60 sec of rest
Anaerobic- 1:2 or 1:5
Aerobic- 2:1 or 1:1
✔✔When does the energy continuum change? - ✔✔It changes depending on the
demand for energy and the particular movement/activity will dictate which process will
be more dominate
✔✔What is an oxygen deficit? - ✔✔Is when the body does not have enough oxygen to
maintain homeostasis and meet the increased level of activity
✔✔What is excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)? - ✔✔This is the oxygen
uptake that takes place during exercise to repay the oxygen debt created during the
session
✔✔The ATP-CP system produces ___ ATP per molecule of creatine phosphate - ✔✔1
✔✔Fatty acid oxidation is fueled by ___ and produces up to ___ ATP per unit of fuel -
✔✔Fat and 100
✔✔What is the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation? -
✔✔Pulmonary circulation is when the right pump (right atrium + right ventricle) collects
deoxygenated blood from tissue and moves it to the lungs for waste and reoxygenation.
Systemic Circulation is when the left pump (left atrium + left ventricle) receives
, oxygenated blood from the lungs and moves it to the tissue and to the right side of the
heart.
✔✔Describe blood circulation. - ✔✔Blood travels from the left ventricle through the
aorta and travels to microscopic vessels called arterioles. These branch into even
smaller vessels called capillaries. Oxygen and nutrients are dropped off from the blood
to the cells. Deoxygenated blood then travels to the right atrium and then right ventricle.
The deoxygenated blood then goes to the lungs and becomes oxygenated via diffusion.
The oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium.
✔✔T/F: Atrium receives blood returning from the heart through veins and passes blood
through the ventricle. - ✔✔True
✔✔Define blood Pressure. What is standard blood pressure? - ✔✔Blood pressure is the
blood being pumped out of the ventricles and exerting force against the arterial walls.
Standard BP is 120/80 mmHg
✔✔What is the equation for cardiac output? - ✔✔Q = HR x SV
✔✔Describe ventilation. - ✔✔Oxygen in air enters our body through inspiration. Air
passes the nasal cavity then through the pharynx, into the trachea, advancing to the
primary, secondary, terminal and to the respiratory bronchioles. Getting to the alveoli
the oxygen is ready to diffuse into the blood and exchange for CO2 for expiration.
Oxygen makes its way to the left atrium then left ventricle. Oxygen then makes its way
through the arteries, then arterioles, then terminating at the capillaries where oxygen
diffuses to the muscle cell and CO2 diffuses out. Oxygen is then used to make ATP via
aerobic metabolism.
✔✔Define VO2 max - ✔✔The maximum amount of oxygen the body can extract and
use in the process of energy production
✔✔List some central training effects. - ✔✔- muscles ability to extract and use oxygen in
different exercise
- heart ability to distribute blood to the working muscles
✔✔What is the target heart rate equation? - ✔✔THR= ((220-age)-Resting
HR)*%+Resting HR
✔✔What are the Training Zones for HR ranges? - ✔✔Aerobic: 60-140 bpm
Aerobic/Anaerobic: 140-170bpm
Anaerobic: 170-190bpm
Anaerobic (ATP-CP): 190-200bpm
*changes depending on age
