INSY 2303 FINAL EXAM 2026 ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Data Independence - ✔✔Entails separating data from the programs that manipulate
it
✔✔Data Redundancy - ✔✔The amount of data that is duplicated in a database
✔✔Normalization - ✔✔helps database designers create a database structure that
minimizes storage space and increases processing efficiency
✔✔Operational Database - ✔✔Used to collect, modify, and maintain data on a daily
basis
✔✔Data Warehouse - ✔✔A large store of data accumulated from a wide range of
sources within a company and used to guide management decisions
✔✔Big Data - ✔✔The huge collections of data that are difficult to process, analyze, and
manage using conventional database tools
✔✔Hadoop - ✔✔An open source distributed processing framework that manages data
processing and storage for big data applications running in clustered systems
✔✔MapReduce - ✔✔A programming model and an associated implementation for
processing and generating big data sets with a parallel, distributed algorithm on a
cluster
✔✔Data Mining - ✔✔The practice of examining large databases in order to generate
new information
✔✔Distributed Database - ✔✔A database in which not all storage devices are attached
to a common processor
✔✔Cardinality - ✔✔The number of associations that can exist between two record types
✔✔Relationship - ✔✔An association between data that's sorted in different record types
✔✔ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram) - ✔✔The relationship between record types can
be depicted graphically
✔✔create - ✔✔Create a database or table
✔✔insert - ✔✔Add a record
, ✔✔update - ✔✔Change data in a field
✔✔delete - ✔✔Remove a record from a table
✔✔join - ✔✔Use the data from two tables
✔✔SELECT - ✔✔Search for records
✔✔High-Level Languages - ✔✔command words and grammar based on human
languages to provide a level of abstraction that hides the underlying low-level language
✔✔Low-Level Languages - ✔✔a low level of abstraction because it includes commands
specific to a particular CPU or microprocessor family
✔✔1st Generation - ✔✔First machine languages programmers used
✔✔2nd Generation - ✔✔Added a level of abstraction to machine languages by
substituting abbreviated command words for binary numbers
✔✔3rd Generation - ✔✔Conceived in the 1950s and used easy - to - remember
command words
✔✔4th Generation - ✔✔"High - Level" languages & more closely resemble human
languages
✔✔5th Generation - ✔✔Prolong language based on a declarative programming
paradigm
✔✔Programming Paradigms - ✔✔A way of conceptualizing and structuring the tasks a
computer performs
✔✔Variable - ✔✔A value that can change
✔✔Constant - ✔✔A factor that remains the same throughout a program
✔✔Runtime Error - ✔✔Occurs when a program runs instructions that the computer cant
execute
✔✔Logic Error - ✔✔A type of runtime error in the logic or design of the program
✔✔Syntax Error - ✔✔When an instruction does not follow the syntax rules of the
programming language
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Data Independence - ✔✔Entails separating data from the programs that manipulate
it
✔✔Data Redundancy - ✔✔The amount of data that is duplicated in a database
✔✔Normalization - ✔✔helps database designers create a database structure that
minimizes storage space and increases processing efficiency
✔✔Operational Database - ✔✔Used to collect, modify, and maintain data on a daily
basis
✔✔Data Warehouse - ✔✔A large store of data accumulated from a wide range of
sources within a company and used to guide management decisions
✔✔Big Data - ✔✔The huge collections of data that are difficult to process, analyze, and
manage using conventional database tools
✔✔Hadoop - ✔✔An open source distributed processing framework that manages data
processing and storage for big data applications running in clustered systems
✔✔MapReduce - ✔✔A programming model and an associated implementation for
processing and generating big data sets with a parallel, distributed algorithm on a
cluster
✔✔Data Mining - ✔✔The practice of examining large databases in order to generate
new information
✔✔Distributed Database - ✔✔A database in which not all storage devices are attached
to a common processor
✔✔Cardinality - ✔✔The number of associations that can exist between two record types
✔✔Relationship - ✔✔An association between data that's sorted in different record types
✔✔ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram) - ✔✔The relationship between record types can
be depicted graphically
✔✔create - ✔✔Create a database or table
✔✔insert - ✔✔Add a record
, ✔✔update - ✔✔Change data in a field
✔✔delete - ✔✔Remove a record from a table
✔✔join - ✔✔Use the data from two tables
✔✔SELECT - ✔✔Search for records
✔✔High-Level Languages - ✔✔command words and grammar based on human
languages to provide a level of abstraction that hides the underlying low-level language
✔✔Low-Level Languages - ✔✔a low level of abstraction because it includes commands
specific to a particular CPU or microprocessor family
✔✔1st Generation - ✔✔First machine languages programmers used
✔✔2nd Generation - ✔✔Added a level of abstraction to machine languages by
substituting abbreviated command words for binary numbers
✔✔3rd Generation - ✔✔Conceived in the 1950s and used easy - to - remember
command words
✔✔4th Generation - ✔✔"High - Level" languages & more closely resemble human
languages
✔✔5th Generation - ✔✔Prolong language based on a declarative programming
paradigm
✔✔Programming Paradigms - ✔✔A way of conceptualizing and structuring the tasks a
computer performs
✔✔Variable - ✔✔A value that can change
✔✔Constant - ✔✔A factor that remains the same throughout a program
✔✔Runtime Error - ✔✔Occurs when a program runs instructions that the computer cant
execute
✔✔Logic Error - ✔✔A type of runtime error in the logic or design of the program
✔✔Syntax Error - ✔✔When an instruction does not follow the syntax rules of the
programming language
