PARAMEDIC NATIONAL REGISTRY EVALUATION EXAM
2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔FiO2 (fraction of inspired oxygen) - ✔✔Fi02 expresses the percentage of a gas a
decimal rather than a percentage.
room air 21% = FiO2 0.21
✔✔normal bicarbonate levels - ✔✔22-26
metabolic component - kidneys
✔✔Condition/causes of PCO2 above 45 - ✔✔Hypercabia - due to any condition that
cause a decrease in tidal volume or rate
✔✔Treatment for PCO2 above 45 - ✔✔increase ventilation's, BVM, ET
treat underlying cause
✔✔Condition/causes for PCO2 below 35 - ✔✔-Hypocarbia - hyperventilation syndrome,
-some brain injuries,
-ventilating too fast,
-Kussmal's
(breathing fast)
✔✔Treatment for PCO2 below 35 - ✔✔decrease ventilation's
treat underlying cause
✔✔Colloid Solution - ✔✔does not leak out of blood vessel quickly, has large particles or
proteins
✔✔Examples of colloid solutions - ✔✔-Albumin,
-Haspan,
-Dextran,
-Blood plasma
✔✔Crystalloid solutions - ✔✔-Normal saline,
-lactated Rigners,
-5% DW
✔✔Osmosis - ✔✔Fluid movement from an area of less particle concentration to area of
greater concentration
✔✔isotonic solution - ✔✔-Stays in blood vessels longer,
-Field fluid replacement,
,-NS and LR
(buffer most like plasma)
✔✔hypertonic solution - ✔✔-More particles,
-fluid moves into vascular space,
-10% dextrose
✔✔hypotonic solution - ✔✔Fluid moves out of vascular space into cells,
1/2 NS
✔✔Plamsa - ✔✔-liquid portion,
-transports nutrients and gets ride of waste products
✔✔RBC - ✔✔erythrocytes
✔✔Hemoglobin - ✔✔02 transported on iron-containing molecule
✔✔Hematocrit - ✔✔percent of red blood cells in whole blood, approx. 45%
✔✔WBC - ✔✔-leukocytes
-fights infection
✔✔Platelets - ✔✔-thrombocytes
-promotes clotting
✔✔S/S of dehydration - ✔✔-Dry mucus membranes,
-cracked tongue,
-AMS,
-Decreased urine output,
-Decreased cap refill,
-Flat neck veins,
-tenting of skin
✔✔Run an IV at 100 mL/hr using a macro 20. How many drops per minutes will you run
the IV? - ✔✔33.3
100 x 20 = 2, = 33.3
✔✔Run an IV at 50 mL/hr using a mini drip. How many gtts/min will you run the IV? -
✔✔50
, ✔✔An IV is running at 40 gtts/min and you are using a marco 15. How many mL/hr will
this patient receive? - ✔✔160
40 x 50 = = 160
✔✔An iV is running at 24 gtts/min. The macro set your are using delivers 10 gtts/mL.
How many mL did this patient get in an hour? - ✔✔144
✔✔Baroreceptors - ✔✔Baroreceptors in aortic arch and carotid sinus sense change in
B/P send message to cardiovascular centers in medulla
✔✔epinephrine and norepinephrine - ✔✔-released secreted from adrenal glands
-increases systemic vascular resistance (maintains B/P)
✔✔antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - ✔✔-from pituitary
-increased PVR,
-retains water in kidneys
✔✔Renin - ✔✔-release by kidney to convert angiotension 1 into angiotension 2.
-angiotension 2 is potent vasconstrictor and stimulates aldosterone which retain sodium
and water in kidneys
✔✔causes of hypovolemic shock - ✔✔Loss of blood (hemorrhagic) or fluids (burns or
dehydration)
✔✔S/S of hypovolemic shock - ✔✔-increased HR,
-Increased respiration's,
-eventually decreased B/P,
-pale or cyanotic
✔✔Treatment for hypovolemic shock - ✔✔-control bleeding,
-position flat,
-isotonic crystalloid ,
-keep warm
✔✔causes of cardiogenic shock - ✔✔-MI
(particularly left ventricle)
-heart failure or other cardiac cause
✔✔S/S of cardiogenic shock - ✔✔-increased or decreased HR,
-may have pulmonary edema,
-pale or cyanotic
✔✔Treatment of cardiogenic shock - ✔✔-Airway, O2
2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔FiO2 (fraction of inspired oxygen) - ✔✔Fi02 expresses the percentage of a gas a
decimal rather than a percentage.
room air 21% = FiO2 0.21
✔✔normal bicarbonate levels - ✔✔22-26
metabolic component - kidneys
✔✔Condition/causes of PCO2 above 45 - ✔✔Hypercabia - due to any condition that
cause a decrease in tidal volume or rate
✔✔Treatment for PCO2 above 45 - ✔✔increase ventilation's, BVM, ET
treat underlying cause
✔✔Condition/causes for PCO2 below 35 - ✔✔-Hypocarbia - hyperventilation syndrome,
-some brain injuries,
-ventilating too fast,
-Kussmal's
(breathing fast)
✔✔Treatment for PCO2 below 35 - ✔✔decrease ventilation's
treat underlying cause
✔✔Colloid Solution - ✔✔does not leak out of blood vessel quickly, has large particles or
proteins
✔✔Examples of colloid solutions - ✔✔-Albumin,
-Haspan,
-Dextran,
-Blood plasma
✔✔Crystalloid solutions - ✔✔-Normal saline,
-lactated Rigners,
-5% DW
✔✔Osmosis - ✔✔Fluid movement from an area of less particle concentration to area of
greater concentration
✔✔isotonic solution - ✔✔-Stays in blood vessels longer,
-Field fluid replacement,
,-NS and LR
(buffer most like plasma)
✔✔hypertonic solution - ✔✔-More particles,
-fluid moves into vascular space,
-10% dextrose
✔✔hypotonic solution - ✔✔Fluid moves out of vascular space into cells,
1/2 NS
✔✔Plamsa - ✔✔-liquid portion,
-transports nutrients and gets ride of waste products
✔✔RBC - ✔✔erythrocytes
✔✔Hemoglobin - ✔✔02 transported on iron-containing molecule
✔✔Hematocrit - ✔✔percent of red blood cells in whole blood, approx. 45%
✔✔WBC - ✔✔-leukocytes
-fights infection
✔✔Platelets - ✔✔-thrombocytes
-promotes clotting
✔✔S/S of dehydration - ✔✔-Dry mucus membranes,
-cracked tongue,
-AMS,
-Decreased urine output,
-Decreased cap refill,
-Flat neck veins,
-tenting of skin
✔✔Run an IV at 100 mL/hr using a macro 20. How many drops per minutes will you run
the IV? - ✔✔33.3
100 x 20 = 2, = 33.3
✔✔Run an IV at 50 mL/hr using a mini drip. How many gtts/min will you run the IV? -
✔✔50
, ✔✔An IV is running at 40 gtts/min and you are using a marco 15. How many mL/hr will
this patient receive? - ✔✔160
40 x 50 = = 160
✔✔An iV is running at 24 gtts/min. The macro set your are using delivers 10 gtts/mL.
How many mL did this patient get in an hour? - ✔✔144
✔✔Baroreceptors - ✔✔Baroreceptors in aortic arch and carotid sinus sense change in
B/P send message to cardiovascular centers in medulla
✔✔epinephrine and norepinephrine - ✔✔-released secreted from adrenal glands
-increases systemic vascular resistance (maintains B/P)
✔✔antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - ✔✔-from pituitary
-increased PVR,
-retains water in kidneys
✔✔Renin - ✔✔-release by kidney to convert angiotension 1 into angiotension 2.
-angiotension 2 is potent vasconstrictor and stimulates aldosterone which retain sodium
and water in kidneys
✔✔causes of hypovolemic shock - ✔✔Loss of blood (hemorrhagic) or fluids (burns or
dehydration)
✔✔S/S of hypovolemic shock - ✔✔-increased HR,
-Increased respiration's,
-eventually decreased B/P,
-pale or cyanotic
✔✔Treatment for hypovolemic shock - ✔✔-control bleeding,
-position flat,
-isotonic crystalloid ,
-keep warm
✔✔causes of cardiogenic shock - ✔✔-MI
(particularly left ventricle)
-heart failure or other cardiac cause
✔✔S/S of cardiogenic shock - ✔✔-increased or decreased HR,
-may have pulmonary edema,
-pale or cyanotic
✔✔Treatment of cardiogenic shock - ✔✔-Airway, O2
