BIO 353 UPDATED 2026 EXAM SCRIPT QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Beta-lactamase enzymes - ✔✔Enzymes produced by bacteria that provide
resistance by breaking down beta-lactam antibiotics.
✔✔Aminoglycosides - ✔✔A class of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by targeting
the 30S ribosomal unit.
✔✔Tetracyclines - ✔✔Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by targeting the 30S
ribosomal unit.
✔✔Fluoroquinolones - ✔✔Antibiotics that inhibit DNA replication by targeting DNA
gyrase/topoisomerase.
✔✔Sulfonamides - ✔✔Antibiotics that inhibit folate metabolism by targeting
dihydropteroate synthase.
✔✔Pro-drug - ✔✔A drug that requires modification in the body to become functional.
✔✔Penicillin G - ✔✔A natural antibiotic that is pH sensitive and narrow spectrum.
✔✔Ampicillin - ✔✔A semisynthetic antibiotic that is stable at low pH and has a broad
spectrum.
✔✔Arsphenamine - ✔✔A synthetic antibiotic.
✔✔Linezolid - ✔✔A synthetic antibiotic.
✔✔Streptomyces - ✔✔A genus of bacteria that produces many antibiotics and has
spores.
✔✔Actinomycetota - ✔✔The phylum that includes Streptomyces.
✔✔Secondary metabolite - ✔✔Compounds produced by bacteria that are not directly
involved in normal growth, development, or reproduction.
✔✔Quorum sensing - ✔✔A process where bacteria communicate with each other
through the production of signaling molecules.
✔✔Dihydropteroate synthase - ✔✔The target enzyme for sulfonamides in folate
metabolism.
, ✔✔What is quorum sensing? - ✔✔A form of prokaryotic communication used by
bacteria.
✔✔What is the Gram reaction and phylum of Alliivibrio (Vibrio) fischeri? - ✔✔Gram-
negative, phylum Pseudomonadota.
✔✔What is the Gram reaction and phylum of Vibrio harveyi? - ✔✔Gram-negative,
phylum Pseudomonadota.
✔✔What is the Gram reaction and phylum of Streptococcus pneumoniae? - ✔✔Gram-
positive, phylum Bacillota.
✔✔What is the Gram reaction and phylum of Staphylococcus aureus? - ✔✔Gram-
positive, phylum Bacillota.
✔✔What is the Gram reaction and phylum of Pseudomonas aeruginosa? - ✔✔Gram-
negative, phylum Pseudomonadota.
✔✔What is the Gram reaction and phylum of Escherichia coli? - ✔✔Gram-negative,
phylum Pseudomonadota.
✔✔What type of autoinducer do Gram-positive bacteria use for intra-species quorum
sensing? - ✔✔Oligopeptides (short chains of amino acids).
✔✔What type of autoinducer do Gram-negative bacteria use for intra-species quorum
sensing? - ✔✔N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL).
✔✔What autoinducer structure can both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria use
for inter-species quorum sensing? - ✔✔Autoinducer-2.
✔✔How does Alliivibrio (Vibrio) fischeri use AHL in quorum sensing? - ✔✔AHL binds to
LuxR, forming a complex that activates the lux box promoter for bioluminescence.
✔✔What process does Streptococcus pneumoniae regulate through quorum sensing? -
✔✔Natural competence for DNA uptake and genetic transformation.
✔✔How does Staphylococcus aureus regulate virulence factors? - ✔✔AIP binds to
AgrC, activating AgrA which transcribes RNAIII and other target genes.
✔✔What processes does Vibrio harveyi regulate through quorum sensing? -
✔✔Bioluminescence and virulence.
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Beta-lactamase enzymes - ✔✔Enzymes produced by bacteria that provide
resistance by breaking down beta-lactam antibiotics.
✔✔Aminoglycosides - ✔✔A class of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by targeting
the 30S ribosomal unit.
✔✔Tetracyclines - ✔✔Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by targeting the 30S
ribosomal unit.
✔✔Fluoroquinolones - ✔✔Antibiotics that inhibit DNA replication by targeting DNA
gyrase/topoisomerase.
✔✔Sulfonamides - ✔✔Antibiotics that inhibit folate metabolism by targeting
dihydropteroate synthase.
✔✔Pro-drug - ✔✔A drug that requires modification in the body to become functional.
✔✔Penicillin G - ✔✔A natural antibiotic that is pH sensitive and narrow spectrum.
✔✔Ampicillin - ✔✔A semisynthetic antibiotic that is stable at low pH and has a broad
spectrum.
✔✔Arsphenamine - ✔✔A synthetic antibiotic.
✔✔Linezolid - ✔✔A synthetic antibiotic.
✔✔Streptomyces - ✔✔A genus of bacteria that produces many antibiotics and has
spores.
✔✔Actinomycetota - ✔✔The phylum that includes Streptomyces.
✔✔Secondary metabolite - ✔✔Compounds produced by bacteria that are not directly
involved in normal growth, development, or reproduction.
✔✔Quorum sensing - ✔✔A process where bacteria communicate with each other
through the production of signaling molecules.
✔✔Dihydropteroate synthase - ✔✔The target enzyme for sulfonamides in folate
metabolism.
, ✔✔What is quorum sensing? - ✔✔A form of prokaryotic communication used by
bacteria.
✔✔What is the Gram reaction and phylum of Alliivibrio (Vibrio) fischeri? - ✔✔Gram-
negative, phylum Pseudomonadota.
✔✔What is the Gram reaction and phylum of Vibrio harveyi? - ✔✔Gram-negative,
phylum Pseudomonadota.
✔✔What is the Gram reaction and phylum of Streptococcus pneumoniae? - ✔✔Gram-
positive, phylum Bacillota.
✔✔What is the Gram reaction and phylum of Staphylococcus aureus? - ✔✔Gram-
positive, phylum Bacillota.
✔✔What is the Gram reaction and phylum of Pseudomonas aeruginosa? - ✔✔Gram-
negative, phylum Pseudomonadota.
✔✔What is the Gram reaction and phylum of Escherichia coli? - ✔✔Gram-negative,
phylum Pseudomonadota.
✔✔What type of autoinducer do Gram-positive bacteria use for intra-species quorum
sensing? - ✔✔Oligopeptides (short chains of amino acids).
✔✔What type of autoinducer do Gram-negative bacteria use for intra-species quorum
sensing? - ✔✔N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL).
✔✔What autoinducer structure can both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria use
for inter-species quorum sensing? - ✔✔Autoinducer-2.
✔✔How does Alliivibrio (Vibrio) fischeri use AHL in quorum sensing? - ✔✔AHL binds to
LuxR, forming a complex that activates the lux box promoter for bioluminescence.
✔✔What process does Streptococcus pneumoniae regulate through quorum sensing? -
✔✔Natural competence for DNA uptake and genetic transformation.
✔✔How does Staphylococcus aureus regulate virulence factors? - ✔✔AIP binds to
AgrC, activating AgrA which transcribes RNAIII and other target genes.
✔✔What processes does Vibrio harveyi regulate through quorum sensing? -
✔✔Bioluminescence and virulence.
