DEP 2004 STUDY GUIDE 2026 QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
RATED A+
✔✔Language development: ------( what develops in two years? ) - ✔✔Most impressive
intellectual achievement of young child and also of all humans
Receptive vocabulary outpaces expressive vocabulary.
✔✔Sounds from birth to two years - ✔✔1) Reflexive cries ( newborn)
2) Vocalization---crying, cooing, laughing (2-6 months)
3) Babbling (6-9 months)
4) First words (12 months)
5) Naming explosion (18 months)
6) Many new words ( 16-24 months) many nouns
7) Two word sentences ( 24 months
✔✔Theories - Skinner's reinforcement theory - ✔✔( theory 1, infants are taught )
quantity and quality of talking to child affects rate of language development ( learned)
✔✔Chomsky's - nativistic- LAD theory - ✔✔( theory 2, infants teach themselves)
(language acquisition device)----hypothesized neurological (inborn) structure that
prewires all children for language for language, including basic aspects of intonation,
grammar, and vocabulary
a) Infants innately ready to use their minds to understand and speak whatever language
offered to them
b) They are experience expectant.
✔✔Synchrony - ✔✔( year1)-----coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant
a) Helps infants learn to read other's emotions and to develop the skills of social
interaction
b) Helps infants learn to express own feelings
c) Imitation is pivotal-usually begins with parent imitating infant.
✔✔Attachment theory - ✔✔is a lasting emotional bond that one person has with
another.
a) Attachment begin to form in early infancy and influence a person's close relationships
throughout life.
b) Infants show attachment through proximity-seaking 9i.e. approaching caregiver) and
contact-maintaining (i.e. touching, holding)
✔✔secure attachment - ✔✔: relationship where infant dervies comfort and confidence
from caregiver. (typeB) ; caregiver becomes secure base for toddler's exploration.
, ✔✔Insecure attachment : - ✔✔relationship that is unpredictable or unstable
✔✔types of insecure attachment - ✔✔1) Avoidant : child shows little interaction with
caregiver& little distress when leaves (A)
2) Resistant/ambivalent: inconsistent mix of behavior toward caregiver, both resisting
and seeking contact ( C)
3) Disorganized : seem scared, confused, dazed; acts odd on mom's return ( D)
✔✔Strange Situation study - ✔✔(measuring attachment )---a laboratory procedure for
measuring attachment by evoking infants' reactions to the stress of various adults'
coming and goings in an unfamiliar playroom.
✔✔Key behaviors to observe ( in strange situation study) - ✔✔1) Exploration of the toys.
A secure toddler plays happily.
2) Reaction to the caregiver's departure. A secure toddler misses the caregiver.
3) Reaction to the caregiver's return. A secure toddler welcomes the caregiver's
reappearance.
✔✔Self awareness - ✔✔experiment ( mirror recognition , rouge experiment )Babies
aged 9-24 months looked into a mirror after a dot of roughe had been put on their
noses.
1) None of those younger than 12 months old reacted as if they knew the mark was on
them.
2) 15-24 months olds showed self-awareness by touching their own noses with
curiosity.
✔✔Erikson - ✔✔Erikson's Psychosocial development
✔✔Trust vs mistrust - ✔✔newborns and infants develop a sense of reliability of people
and objects.
Erikson stage 1: basic trust : sensitive, responsive caregiving; " can I count on you to
feed me when im hungery?"
✔✔autonomy vs independence - ✔✔( Eriksons 2nd stage of psychosocial development
)
Autonomy : a shift from external control to self-control. Emerges from trust and self-
awareness. The Terrible twos.: shame and doubt ( help toddler recognize need for
limits)
✔✔Temperament - ✔✔- (Brain maturation and the emotions) definition: inborn
differences between one person and another in emotions, activity and self -regulation.
Originates in the genes but affected by child-rearing practices environmental factors.
✔✔3 types of Temperament - ✔✔easy, slow to warm up, difficult.
Easy----generally happy, responds well to change and novelty
RATED A+
✔✔Language development: ------( what develops in two years? ) - ✔✔Most impressive
intellectual achievement of young child and also of all humans
Receptive vocabulary outpaces expressive vocabulary.
✔✔Sounds from birth to two years - ✔✔1) Reflexive cries ( newborn)
2) Vocalization---crying, cooing, laughing (2-6 months)
3) Babbling (6-9 months)
4) First words (12 months)
5) Naming explosion (18 months)
6) Many new words ( 16-24 months) many nouns
7) Two word sentences ( 24 months
✔✔Theories - Skinner's reinforcement theory - ✔✔( theory 1, infants are taught )
quantity and quality of talking to child affects rate of language development ( learned)
✔✔Chomsky's - nativistic- LAD theory - ✔✔( theory 2, infants teach themselves)
(language acquisition device)----hypothesized neurological (inborn) structure that
prewires all children for language for language, including basic aspects of intonation,
grammar, and vocabulary
a) Infants innately ready to use their minds to understand and speak whatever language
offered to them
b) They are experience expectant.
✔✔Synchrony - ✔✔( year1)-----coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant
a) Helps infants learn to read other's emotions and to develop the skills of social
interaction
b) Helps infants learn to express own feelings
c) Imitation is pivotal-usually begins with parent imitating infant.
✔✔Attachment theory - ✔✔is a lasting emotional bond that one person has with
another.
a) Attachment begin to form in early infancy and influence a person's close relationships
throughout life.
b) Infants show attachment through proximity-seaking 9i.e. approaching caregiver) and
contact-maintaining (i.e. touching, holding)
✔✔secure attachment - ✔✔: relationship where infant dervies comfort and confidence
from caregiver. (typeB) ; caregiver becomes secure base for toddler's exploration.
, ✔✔Insecure attachment : - ✔✔relationship that is unpredictable or unstable
✔✔types of insecure attachment - ✔✔1) Avoidant : child shows little interaction with
caregiver& little distress when leaves (A)
2) Resistant/ambivalent: inconsistent mix of behavior toward caregiver, both resisting
and seeking contact ( C)
3) Disorganized : seem scared, confused, dazed; acts odd on mom's return ( D)
✔✔Strange Situation study - ✔✔(measuring attachment )---a laboratory procedure for
measuring attachment by evoking infants' reactions to the stress of various adults'
coming and goings in an unfamiliar playroom.
✔✔Key behaviors to observe ( in strange situation study) - ✔✔1) Exploration of the toys.
A secure toddler plays happily.
2) Reaction to the caregiver's departure. A secure toddler misses the caregiver.
3) Reaction to the caregiver's return. A secure toddler welcomes the caregiver's
reappearance.
✔✔Self awareness - ✔✔experiment ( mirror recognition , rouge experiment )Babies
aged 9-24 months looked into a mirror after a dot of roughe had been put on their
noses.
1) None of those younger than 12 months old reacted as if they knew the mark was on
them.
2) 15-24 months olds showed self-awareness by touching their own noses with
curiosity.
✔✔Erikson - ✔✔Erikson's Psychosocial development
✔✔Trust vs mistrust - ✔✔newborns and infants develop a sense of reliability of people
and objects.
Erikson stage 1: basic trust : sensitive, responsive caregiving; " can I count on you to
feed me when im hungery?"
✔✔autonomy vs independence - ✔✔( Eriksons 2nd stage of psychosocial development
)
Autonomy : a shift from external control to self-control. Emerges from trust and self-
awareness. The Terrible twos.: shame and doubt ( help toddler recognize need for
limits)
✔✔Temperament - ✔✔- (Brain maturation and the emotions) definition: inborn
differences between one person and another in emotions, activity and self -regulation.
Originates in the genes but affected by child-rearing practices environmental factors.
✔✔3 types of Temperament - ✔✔easy, slow to warm up, difficult.
Easy----generally happy, responds well to change and novelty
