SOCL 2001 LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Sanction - ✔✔A mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected
forms of behavior
✔✔Psychopaths - ✔✔A specific personality type. Such individuals lack the moral sense
and concern for others held by most normal people
✔✔Anomie - ✔✔A concept first brought into wide usage in sociology by Durkheim,
referring to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior.
✔✔Relative deprivation - ✔✔The recognition that one has less than his or her peers
✔✔Differential association - ✔✔An interpretation of the development of criminal
behavior proposed by Edwin H shutterland according to whom criminal behavior is
learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime
✔✔Control theory - ✔✔A theory that views crime as the outcome of an imbalance
between impulses toward criminal activity and controls that deter it. Control theorists
hold that criminals are rational beings who will act to maximize their own reward unless
they are rendered unable to do so through their social or physical control
✔✔Conflict theory - ✔✔Argument that deviance is deliberately chosen and often
political in nature
✔✔New criminology - ✔✔A branch of criminological thought. Prominent in Great Britain
in the 70s that regaurded deviance as deliberately chosen and often political in nature.
The new criminologists argued that crime and deviance could b understood only in the
context of power and inequality within society.
✔✔Labeling theory - ✔✔An approach to the study of deviance that suggests that people
become deviant because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political
authorities and others
✔✔Primary deviance - ✔✔According to Edwin Lemberg, the actions that cause others
to label one as a deviant
✔✔Secondary deviance - ✔✔According to Edwin ornery, following the act of primary
deviance, secondary deviation occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviance
and accordingly
✔✔Uniform crime reports - ✔✔Documents that contain official data on crime that is
reported to law enforcement agencies that then provide the data to the FBI
, ✔✔Hate crime - ✔✔A criminal act by an offender who is motivated by bias - racism,
sexism, and homophobia
✔✔White collar crime - ✔✔Criminal acticities carried out by those in white collar or
professional jobs
✔✔Corporate crime - ✔✔Offenses committed by large corporations in society including
pollution, false advertising, and violations of health and safety regulations
✔✔Organized crime - ✔✔Criminal activities carried out by organizations established as
businesses
✔✔Broken windows theory - ✔✔A theory proposing that even small acts of crime,
disorder and vandalism can threaten a neighborhood and render it unsafe
✔✔Community policing - ✔✔A renewed emphasis on crime prevention rather than law
enforcement to reintegrate policing within the community
✔✔Target hardening - ✔✔Practical measures used to limit a criminals ability to commit
crime, such as community policing and use of house alarms
✔✔Shaming - ✔✔A way of punishing criminal and deviant behavior based on rituals of
public disapproval rather than incarceration. The goal of shaming is to maintain the ties
of the offender to the community
✔✔Social Stratification - ✔✔The existence of structured inequalities between groups in
society in terms of their access to material or symbolic rewards
✔✔Slavery - ✔✔A form of social stratification in which some people are owned by
others as their property
✔✔Caste system - ✔✔A social system in which one's social status is determined at
birth and set for life
✔✔Caste Society - ✔✔A society in which different social levels are closed, so that all
individuals must remain at the social level of their birth throughout life
✔✔Endogamy - ✔✔The forbidding of marriage or sexual relations outside of one's
social group
✔✔Life chances - ✔✔A term introduced by Max Weber to signify a person's
opportunities for achieving economic prosperity
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Sanction - ✔✔A mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected
forms of behavior
✔✔Psychopaths - ✔✔A specific personality type. Such individuals lack the moral sense
and concern for others held by most normal people
✔✔Anomie - ✔✔A concept first brought into wide usage in sociology by Durkheim,
referring to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior.
✔✔Relative deprivation - ✔✔The recognition that one has less than his or her peers
✔✔Differential association - ✔✔An interpretation of the development of criminal
behavior proposed by Edwin H shutterland according to whom criminal behavior is
learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime
✔✔Control theory - ✔✔A theory that views crime as the outcome of an imbalance
between impulses toward criminal activity and controls that deter it. Control theorists
hold that criminals are rational beings who will act to maximize their own reward unless
they are rendered unable to do so through their social or physical control
✔✔Conflict theory - ✔✔Argument that deviance is deliberately chosen and often
political in nature
✔✔New criminology - ✔✔A branch of criminological thought. Prominent in Great Britain
in the 70s that regaurded deviance as deliberately chosen and often political in nature.
The new criminologists argued that crime and deviance could b understood only in the
context of power and inequality within society.
✔✔Labeling theory - ✔✔An approach to the study of deviance that suggests that people
become deviant because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political
authorities and others
✔✔Primary deviance - ✔✔According to Edwin Lemberg, the actions that cause others
to label one as a deviant
✔✔Secondary deviance - ✔✔According to Edwin ornery, following the act of primary
deviance, secondary deviation occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviance
and accordingly
✔✔Uniform crime reports - ✔✔Documents that contain official data on crime that is
reported to law enforcement agencies that then provide the data to the FBI
, ✔✔Hate crime - ✔✔A criminal act by an offender who is motivated by bias - racism,
sexism, and homophobia
✔✔White collar crime - ✔✔Criminal acticities carried out by those in white collar or
professional jobs
✔✔Corporate crime - ✔✔Offenses committed by large corporations in society including
pollution, false advertising, and violations of health and safety regulations
✔✔Organized crime - ✔✔Criminal activities carried out by organizations established as
businesses
✔✔Broken windows theory - ✔✔A theory proposing that even small acts of crime,
disorder and vandalism can threaten a neighborhood and render it unsafe
✔✔Community policing - ✔✔A renewed emphasis on crime prevention rather than law
enforcement to reintegrate policing within the community
✔✔Target hardening - ✔✔Practical measures used to limit a criminals ability to commit
crime, such as community policing and use of house alarms
✔✔Shaming - ✔✔A way of punishing criminal and deviant behavior based on rituals of
public disapproval rather than incarceration. The goal of shaming is to maintain the ties
of the offender to the community
✔✔Social Stratification - ✔✔The existence of structured inequalities between groups in
society in terms of their access to material or symbolic rewards
✔✔Slavery - ✔✔A form of social stratification in which some people are owned by
others as their property
✔✔Caste system - ✔✔A social system in which one's social status is determined at
birth and set for life
✔✔Caste Society - ✔✔A society in which different social levels are closed, so that all
individuals must remain at the social level of their birth throughout life
✔✔Endogamy - ✔✔The forbidding of marriage or sexual relations outside of one's
social group
✔✔Life chances - ✔✔A term introduced by Max Weber to signify a person's
opportunities for achieving economic prosperity
