NDHCE LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔a lesion in the medulla would impact which cranial nerve
a. CN III
b. CN IV
c. CN VII
d. CN XII - ✔✔D. CN XII originates in the medulla so a lesion here would impact the
function of this nerve.
✔✔the area of the brain is responsible for coordinating and regulating skeletal muscle
movements and equilibrium
a. Diencephalon
b. Cerebellum
c. Pons
d. Medulla - ✔✔B. The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating and regulating
skeletal muscle movement and equilibrium.
✔✔lesions to the prevertebral ganglia would interfere with the function of which organ
a. Stomach
b. Heart
c. Lungs
d. Eyes - ✔✔A. The prevertebral ganglia provide sympathetic innervation to organs
below the diaphragm; since the stomach is below the diaphragm, lesions to the
prevertebral ganglia could interfere with its function.
✔✔an upper respiratory infection can spread via the eustachian tube from the
nasopharynx to which anatomical space
a. middle ear
b. inner ear
c. external ear
d. middle cranial fossa - ✔✔A. The eustachian tube connects the nasopharynx and
middle ear so an upper respiratory infection can spread from one space to the other
easily.
✔✔cranial nerve VII is injured during an inferior alveolar nerve block that penetrates too
deeply into the parotid gland what would you expect to see as a consequence of this.
a. loss of somatic sensation of the posterior tongue
b. difficulty maintaining balance when walking
c. loss of sensation of anterior tongue
d. loss of movement of facial muscles - ✔✔D. Cranial nerve VII provides innervation to
muscles of facial expression. The branches of CN VII that supply the muscles of facial
expression travel through the parotid gland.
✔✔a patient with acute pancreatitis is likely have problems with
,a. digestion of proteins
b. digestion of fats
c. digestion of all carbohydrates
d. all the above - ✔✔D. A patient with acute pancreatitis is likely to have problems with
digestion of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
✔✔all of the following describes a steroid hormone except
a. can pass easily through plasma membranes
b. synthesize from amino acids
c. response time to steroid hormone is low
d. must bind to the receptor - ✔✔B. Steroid hormones are synthesized from lipids while
nonsteroid hormones are synthesized primarily from amino acids.
✔✔all of the following organs are targeted by trophic hormones produced in the
hypothalamus except
a. ovaries
b. thyroid gland
c. pancreas
d. adrenal cortex - ✔✔C. The endocrine pancreas is stimulated by circulating levels of
glucose in the blood.
✔✔When palpating the thyroid gland on a patient where would you expect to find the
isthmus of the thyroid gland in a healthy individual
a. between the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
b. directly beneath the manubrium of the sternum
c. between the mandible and the hyoid bone
d. inferior to the cricoid cartilage - ✔✔D. The thyroid gland is located inferior to the
larynx.
✔✔what is a major function of natural killer cells
a. target virus-infected cells and tumor cells
b. Phagocytize gram negative bacteria
c. secrete antibodies
d. help activate B cells - ✔✔A. Natural Killer (NK) cells attack tumor cells and virus-
infected cells
✔✔what is the corresponding effect of pressure in the alveolar and intrapleural spaces
as the volume of the thoracic cavity increases during inspiration
a. Alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure both increase
b. Alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure both decrease
c. Alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure both equal atmospheric pressure
d. Alveolar pressure increases but intrapleural pressure decreases - ✔✔A. Boyle's law
states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume, at a constant
temperature. As the volume of the thoracic cavity increases during inspiration, both
alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure decrease.
,B, C, and D contradict Boyle's law
✔✔Metabolic alkalosis typically results in respiration acidosis. the compensatory
mechanism is hypoventilation
a. both statements true
b. both statements false
c. the first statement is true, the second statement is false
d. the first statement is false, the second statement is true - ✔✔A. Metabolic alkalosis is
the result of increased bicarbonate concentrations in the blood. The body compensates
for the increase in pH by elevating PaCO2 in the blood through hypoventilation.
Hypoventilation will prevent excess CO2 from being expired during respiration.
✔✔In the human body where are naturally occurring corticosteroids produced
a. adrenal cortex
b. adrenal medulla
c. anterior pituitary
d. posterior pituitary - ✔✔A. Corticosteroids are produced in the adrenal cortex.
✔✔input from what structure stimulates the medullary inspiratory centre to increase the
length and depth of respiration
a. medullary expiratory centre
b. apneustic center
c. pneumataxic center
d. respiratory pressor flexor - ✔✔B. Input from the apneustic center stimulates the
medullary inspiratory center to increase the length and depth of respiration
✔✔sharon is having a hard time expelling air from her lungs during expiration which
term refers with total amount of air left in Airways after normal passive expiration.
a. vital capacity
b. total lung capacity
c. functional residual capacity
d. tidal volume - ✔✔C. Functional reserve capacity refers to the amount of air left in the
lungs and airways at the end of passive expiration; it is the sum of Expiratory Reserve
Volume and Residual Volume
✔✔what is a direct physiological effect of an increase of partial pressure of carbon
dioxide in the arterial blood?
a. breathing rates increase
b. heart rate decreases
c. arterial chemoreceptors are inhibited
d. arterial baroreceptors increase firing - ✔✔A. An increase in partial pressure of carbon
dioxide (Pco2) in the arterial blood leads to acidosis. The body compensates by
increasing breathing (hyperventilation) to exhale excess carbon dioxide.
✔✔which of the following best describes the patient's blood pressure?
, a. blood pressure rate is considered pre hypertensive and she should be encouraged to
see a physician
b. blood pressure rate is considered high and she should be encouraged to see a
physician
c. blood pressure rate is considered too high and she should not receive dental
treatment until she sees a physician
d. blood pressure is within normal limits - ✔✔B. external respiration refers to gas
exchange between blood and the alveoli.
✔✔if the aortic semi lunar valve does not open properly there is decrease in volume of
blood that is ejected through the aroda this has the most immediate consequence for
which heart chamber?
a. right atrium
b. right ventricle
c. left atrium
d. left ventricle - ✔✔A. Prehypertensive blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg or greater but
less than 140/90 mm Hg
✔✔when listening to patients heart with the stethoscope what does the second heart
sound indicate?
a. opening up aAV valves
b. closing of AV valves
c. opening up semi lunar valves
d. closing of semi lunar valves - ✔✔D. blood passes the aortic semilunar valve after
contraction of the left ventricle. If blood is not able to be ejected through the aorta, it will
backup in the left ventricle and distend the muscle.
✔✔the use of anti coagulant would lead to which of the following
a. increased aggregation of platelets
b. increase vitamin K synthesis
c. decrease fibrin formation
d. decrease red blood cells formation - ✔✔C. The use of an anticoagulant would lead to
decreased fibrin formation which slows down the process of clot formation. A network of
fibrin forms a clot.
✔✔decrease blood volume leaaving the aorta leads to reduced blood pressure in the
vessels of the head and neck. Decrease blood pressure increase baroreceptor firing
a. both statements true
b. both statements false
c. the first statement is true, the second statement is false
d. the first statement is false, the second statement is true - ✔✔C. Blood volume and
pressure are proportional. Decreased pressure will increase baroreceptor firing to
stimulate increased heart rate to increase pressure.
✔✔what specific prostaglandin regulates platelets aggregation
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔a lesion in the medulla would impact which cranial nerve
a. CN III
b. CN IV
c. CN VII
d. CN XII - ✔✔D. CN XII originates in the medulla so a lesion here would impact the
function of this nerve.
✔✔the area of the brain is responsible for coordinating and regulating skeletal muscle
movements and equilibrium
a. Diencephalon
b. Cerebellum
c. Pons
d. Medulla - ✔✔B. The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating and regulating
skeletal muscle movement and equilibrium.
✔✔lesions to the prevertebral ganglia would interfere with the function of which organ
a. Stomach
b. Heart
c. Lungs
d. Eyes - ✔✔A. The prevertebral ganglia provide sympathetic innervation to organs
below the diaphragm; since the stomach is below the diaphragm, lesions to the
prevertebral ganglia could interfere with its function.
✔✔an upper respiratory infection can spread via the eustachian tube from the
nasopharynx to which anatomical space
a. middle ear
b. inner ear
c. external ear
d. middle cranial fossa - ✔✔A. The eustachian tube connects the nasopharynx and
middle ear so an upper respiratory infection can spread from one space to the other
easily.
✔✔cranial nerve VII is injured during an inferior alveolar nerve block that penetrates too
deeply into the parotid gland what would you expect to see as a consequence of this.
a. loss of somatic sensation of the posterior tongue
b. difficulty maintaining balance when walking
c. loss of sensation of anterior tongue
d. loss of movement of facial muscles - ✔✔D. Cranial nerve VII provides innervation to
muscles of facial expression. The branches of CN VII that supply the muscles of facial
expression travel through the parotid gland.
✔✔a patient with acute pancreatitis is likely have problems with
,a. digestion of proteins
b. digestion of fats
c. digestion of all carbohydrates
d. all the above - ✔✔D. A patient with acute pancreatitis is likely to have problems with
digestion of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
✔✔all of the following describes a steroid hormone except
a. can pass easily through plasma membranes
b. synthesize from amino acids
c. response time to steroid hormone is low
d. must bind to the receptor - ✔✔B. Steroid hormones are synthesized from lipids while
nonsteroid hormones are synthesized primarily from amino acids.
✔✔all of the following organs are targeted by trophic hormones produced in the
hypothalamus except
a. ovaries
b. thyroid gland
c. pancreas
d. adrenal cortex - ✔✔C. The endocrine pancreas is stimulated by circulating levels of
glucose in the blood.
✔✔When palpating the thyroid gland on a patient where would you expect to find the
isthmus of the thyroid gland in a healthy individual
a. between the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
b. directly beneath the manubrium of the sternum
c. between the mandible and the hyoid bone
d. inferior to the cricoid cartilage - ✔✔D. The thyroid gland is located inferior to the
larynx.
✔✔what is a major function of natural killer cells
a. target virus-infected cells and tumor cells
b. Phagocytize gram negative bacteria
c. secrete antibodies
d. help activate B cells - ✔✔A. Natural Killer (NK) cells attack tumor cells and virus-
infected cells
✔✔what is the corresponding effect of pressure in the alveolar and intrapleural spaces
as the volume of the thoracic cavity increases during inspiration
a. Alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure both increase
b. Alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure both decrease
c. Alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure both equal atmospheric pressure
d. Alveolar pressure increases but intrapleural pressure decreases - ✔✔A. Boyle's law
states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume, at a constant
temperature. As the volume of the thoracic cavity increases during inspiration, both
alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure decrease.
,B, C, and D contradict Boyle's law
✔✔Metabolic alkalosis typically results in respiration acidosis. the compensatory
mechanism is hypoventilation
a. both statements true
b. both statements false
c. the first statement is true, the second statement is false
d. the first statement is false, the second statement is true - ✔✔A. Metabolic alkalosis is
the result of increased bicarbonate concentrations in the blood. The body compensates
for the increase in pH by elevating PaCO2 in the blood through hypoventilation.
Hypoventilation will prevent excess CO2 from being expired during respiration.
✔✔In the human body where are naturally occurring corticosteroids produced
a. adrenal cortex
b. adrenal medulla
c. anterior pituitary
d. posterior pituitary - ✔✔A. Corticosteroids are produced in the adrenal cortex.
✔✔input from what structure stimulates the medullary inspiratory centre to increase the
length and depth of respiration
a. medullary expiratory centre
b. apneustic center
c. pneumataxic center
d. respiratory pressor flexor - ✔✔B. Input from the apneustic center stimulates the
medullary inspiratory center to increase the length and depth of respiration
✔✔sharon is having a hard time expelling air from her lungs during expiration which
term refers with total amount of air left in Airways after normal passive expiration.
a. vital capacity
b. total lung capacity
c. functional residual capacity
d. tidal volume - ✔✔C. Functional reserve capacity refers to the amount of air left in the
lungs and airways at the end of passive expiration; it is the sum of Expiratory Reserve
Volume and Residual Volume
✔✔what is a direct physiological effect of an increase of partial pressure of carbon
dioxide in the arterial blood?
a. breathing rates increase
b. heart rate decreases
c. arterial chemoreceptors are inhibited
d. arterial baroreceptors increase firing - ✔✔A. An increase in partial pressure of carbon
dioxide (Pco2) in the arterial blood leads to acidosis. The body compensates by
increasing breathing (hyperventilation) to exhale excess carbon dioxide.
✔✔which of the following best describes the patient's blood pressure?
, a. blood pressure rate is considered pre hypertensive and she should be encouraged to
see a physician
b. blood pressure rate is considered high and she should be encouraged to see a
physician
c. blood pressure rate is considered too high and she should not receive dental
treatment until she sees a physician
d. blood pressure is within normal limits - ✔✔B. external respiration refers to gas
exchange between blood and the alveoli.
✔✔if the aortic semi lunar valve does not open properly there is decrease in volume of
blood that is ejected through the aroda this has the most immediate consequence for
which heart chamber?
a. right atrium
b. right ventricle
c. left atrium
d. left ventricle - ✔✔A. Prehypertensive blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg or greater but
less than 140/90 mm Hg
✔✔when listening to patients heart with the stethoscope what does the second heart
sound indicate?
a. opening up aAV valves
b. closing of AV valves
c. opening up semi lunar valves
d. closing of semi lunar valves - ✔✔D. blood passes the aortic semilunar valve after
contraction of the left ventricle. If blood is not able to be ejected through the aorta, it will
backup in the left ventricle and distend the muscle.
✔✔the use of anti coagulant would lead to which of the following
a. increased aggregation of platelets
b. increase vitamin K synthesis
c. decrease fibrin formation
d. decrease red blood cells formation - ✔✔C. The use of an anticoagulant would lead to
decreased fibrin formation which slows down the process of clot formation. A network of
fibrin forms a clot.
✔✔decrease blood volume leaaving the aorta leads to reduced blood pressure in the
vessels of the head and neck. Decrease blood pressure increase baroreceptor firing
a. both statements true
b. both statements false
c. the first statement is true, the second statement is false
d. the first statement is false, the second statement is true - ✔✔C. Blood volume and
pressure are proportional. Decreased pressure will increase baroreceptor firing to
stimulate increased heart rate to increase pressure.
✔✔what specific prostaglandin regulates platelets aggregation
